| 1. |
- Ådahl, Anders, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing the value of pulp mill biomass savings in a climate change conscious economy
- 2006
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 34:15, s. 2330-2343
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pulp mills use significant amounts of biofuels, both internal and purchased. Biofuels could contribute to reach greenhouse gas emission targets at competitive costs. Implementing process integration measures at a pulp mill in order to achieve pulp production with less use of energy (biofuels) has not only on-site consequences but also off-site consequences, such as substitution of fossil fuels elsewhere by the saved pulp mill biofuels, and less on-site electric power generation. In this paper a method, a linking model, is suggested to analyse pulp mill biofuel saving measures when carbon dioxide (CO2) external costs are internalised. The linking model is based on equilibrium economics and links information from CO2 constrained energy market future scenarios with process integration measures. Pulp mill economics and marginal energy market CO2 response are identified. In an applied study, four process integration measures at a Swedish pulp mill were analysed using five energy market future scenarios emanating from a Nordic energy model. The investigated investment alternatives for biofuel savings all result in positive net annual savings, irrespectively of the scenario used. However, CO2 emissions may increase or decrease depending on the future development of the Nordic energy market.
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| 2. |
- Ådahl, Anders, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Economic and greenhouse gas emissions assessment for extraction of excess biomass from future kraft pulp mills
- 2002
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Ingår i: 6th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, October 1-4, 2002, Kyoto, Japan.. - 1404-7098.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different studies have shown that the process heat requirements of future pulp mills can be satisfied using available internal biomass (bark and lignin), which are process by-products. Assuming that biomass is CO2 neutral, further reducing the process heat demand will not therefore lead to further reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions – unless the excess biomass is extracted and used elsewhere to substitute fossil fuels. Previous work has demonstrated the potential to extract and export significant amounts of biofuel from future pulp mills. The associated extraction costs can be competitive with conventional forest fuels. However, biofuel extraction reduces the mill’s potential to cogenerate electric power. This reduced power output must be compensated by increased purchased power from the grid, with associated costs and emissions. Such emissions must be affected to the extracted biofuel, which cannot therefore be considered as CO2 neutral. This paper presents results for costs and associated greenhouse gas emissions for excess biofuel extracted from a pulp mill. The results show that the extraction costs are competitive, but that the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the exported biofuel can be significant and must therefore not be neglected.
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| 3. |
- Ådahl, Anders, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
Economic and greenhouse gas emissions assessment of excess biomass extracted from future kraft pulp mills
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies. ; 1, s. 1237-1242
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different studies have shown that the process heat requirements of future pulp mills can be satisfied usingavailable internal biomass (bark and lignin), which are process by-products. Assuming that biomass is CO2 neutral, further reducing the process heat demand will not therefore lead to further reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions - unless the excess biomass is extracted and used elsewhere to substitute fossil fuels. Previous work has demonstrated the potential to extract and export significant amounts of biofuel from future pulp mills. The associated extraction costs can be competitive with conventional forest fuels. However, biofuel extraction reduces the mill's potential to cogenerate electric power. This reduced power output must be compensated by increased purchased power from the grid, with associated costs and emissions. Such emissions must be affected to the extracted biofuel, which cannot therefore be considered as CO2 neutral. This paper presents results for costs and associated greenhouse gas emissions for excess biofuel extracted from a pulp mill. The results show that the extraction costs are competitive, but that the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the exported biofuel can be significant and must therefore not be neglected.
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| 4. |
- Ådahl, Anders, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Process industry energy retrofits: the importance of emission baselines for greenhouse gas reductions
- 2004
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. ; :32, s. 1375-1388
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AbstractFuel combustion for heat and/or electric power production is often the largest contributor of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissionsfrom an industrial process plant. Economically feasible options to reduce these emissions include fuel switching and retrofitting theplants energy system. Process integration methods and tools can be used to evaluate potential retrofit measures. For assessing theGHG emissions reduction potential for the measures considered, it is also necessary to define appropriate GHG emission baselines.This paper presents a systematic GHG emission calculation method for retrofit situations including improved heat exchange,integration of combined heat and power (CHP) units, and combinations of both. The proposed method is applied to five differentindustrial processes in order to compare the impact of process specific parameters and energy market specific parameters. Forpotential GHG emission reductions the results from the applied study reveal that electricity grid emissions are significantly moreimportant than differences between individual processes. Based on the results of the study, it is suggested that for sustainableinvestment decision considerations a conservative emission baseline is most appropriate. Even so, new industrial CHP in theNorthern European energy market could play a significant role in the common effort to decrease GHG emissions.
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