| 1. |
- Andersson, Mathias H., et al.
(författare)
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Displacement effects of ship noise on fish population : FP7 - Collaborative Project n° 314227 WP 4: Sensitivity of marine life to shipping noise Task 4.2.1
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ship induced noise is one of the major contributors to the elevated noise levels in the world’s oceans today. However, the knowledge about the impact on marine organisms is still scarce. Especially the effects on fish behaviour needs to be studied as fish are a fundamental part of the oceans ecosystem. Direct measurement of fish behaviour in the open sea area is technically difficult but needs to be done in order to estimate reaction thresholds and scales of any reaction. This experiment studies the long term behavioural reaction by wild cod (Gadus morhua) to ship noise and describes the character and scale of the reaction. This study took place on the Swedish west coast with a small local cod population and the area is normally without any large vessel traffic. For the ship disturbance, the Swedish Coast Guard ship KBV 032 was hired and passed thru the area nine times during three days. During the three days of ship noise exposure, the noise levels increased well above the ambient noise. The ship signature was what could be expected in terms of spectral level with most radiated noise energy between 100 - 500 Hz. The ship had a higher source level than expected (232 dB re 1μPa at 1 m, 10 - 300 Hz) but this was deliberate as the crew was asked to use the propellers in a non-optimal way to generate as much noise as possible. The result was a lot of broadband cavitation pulses generated by the ship. Then a noise footprint model was created and used in the estimates of received levels (exposure level) by the individual fish in the area based on the most probable location. It was clear in the transmission loss varied between the two sites where at the shallow site, the noise was attenuated more compared to the deep site. This is probably caused by the quite complicated propagation pattern. Also, the acoustically different bottom properties will affect the transmission loss in the area. In total, 39 cod (Gadus morhua) were caught by hand jigging and were fitted with internal acoustical tags. Bottom mounted receivers were deployed covering the area where the cod were known to inhabit. This study was designed to capture more large scale movements of hundreds of meters and not startle responses to the ship noise. Out of the 39 tagged fish, 17 and 18 fish met the set quality criterion for the short time behaviour analysis and 23 fish for long time behaviour to be included in the analysis. Some fish met the quality criteria for both the short and long term analysis. The other fish were either eaten by seals, caught by fishermen, left the area or had a malfunctioning tag. In general, the noticed reaction in terms of horizontal swimming were much smaller than expected and what the study was designed for. This results was surprising as the sound pressure levels the fish were exposed to would, based on the literature, cause a strong behaviour response in the fish. The movement was not in any large scale that would affect their energy consumption and affect their long term survival. This study was able to track fish with an accuracy of less than 10 m and estimates an interval of received noise level. This is one of the first studies of its kind that is tracking free swimming fish over a long period of time during an acoustic disturbance.
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| 2. |
- Blom, Björn, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Digitaliseringen väcker frågor
- 2024
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Ingår i: Äldre i centrum. - Stockhom : Stiftelsen Stockholms läns äldrecentrum. - 1653-3585 .- 2003-4776. ; :3, s. 48-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Samhället sätter stora förhoppningar till att digitaliseringen ska utveckla hemtjänsten, men kunskap saknas om konsekvenserna för brukare, omsorgspersonal och chefer. Det finns många frågor att besvara.
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| 3. |
- Blom, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Eosinophil associated genes in the inflammatory bowel disease 4 region : Correlation to inflammatory bowel disease revealed
- 2012
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Ingår i: World Journal of Gastroenterology. - : Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.. - 1007-9327 .- 2219-2840. ; 18:44, s. 6409-6419
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: To study the association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and genetic variations in eosinophil protein X (EPX) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). METHODS: DNA was extracted from ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid blood of 587 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), 592 with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 300 healthy subjects. The EPX405 (G > C, rs2013109), ECP434 (G > C, rs2073342) and ECP562 (G > C, rs2233860) gene polymorphisms were analysed, by the 5'-nuclease allelic discrimination assay. For determination of intracellular content of EPX and ECP in granulocytes, 39 blood samples was collected and extracted with a buffer containing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The intracellular content of EPX was analysed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The intracellular content of ECP was analysed with the UniCAP (R) system as described by the manufacturer. Statistical tests for calculations of results were chi(2) test, Fisher's exact test, ANOVA, Student-Newman-Keuls test, and Kaplan-Meier survival curve with Log-rank test for trend, the probability values of P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The genotype frequency for males with UC and with an age of disease onset of >= 45 years (n = 57) was for ECP434 and ECP562, GG = 37%, GC = 60%, CC = 4% and GG = 51%, GC = 49%, CC = 0% respectively. This was significantly different from the healthy subject's genotype frequencies of ECP434 (GG = 57%, GC = 38%, CC = 5%; P = 0.010) and ECP562 (GG = 68%, GC = 29 /0,CC = 3%; P = 0.009). The genotype frequencies for females, with an age of disease onset of >= 45 years with CD (n = 62), was for the ECP434 and ECP562 genotypes GG = 37%, GC = 52%, CC = 11% and GG = 48%, GC = 47% and CC = 5% respectively. This was also statistically different from healthy controls for both ECP434 (P = 0.010) and ECP562 (P = 0.013). The intracellular protein concentration of EPX and ECP was calculated in mu g/10(6) eosinophils and then correlated to the EPX 405 genotypes. The protein content of EPX was highest in the patients with the CC genotype of EPX405 (GG = 4.65, GC = 5.93, and CC = 6.57) and for ECP in the patients with the GG genotype of EPX405 (GG = 2.70, GC = 2.47 and CC = 1.90). ANOVA test demonstrated a difference in intracellular protein content for EPX (P = 0.009) and ECP (P = 0.022). The age of disease onset was linked to haplotypes of the EPX405, ECP434 and ECP562 genotypes. Kaplan Maier curve showed a difference between haplotype distributions for the females with CD (P = 0.003). The highest age of disease onset was seen in females with the EPX405CC, ECP434GC, ECP562CC haplotype (34 years) and the lowest in females with the EPX405GC, ECP434GC, ECP562GG haplotype (21 years). For males with UC there was also a difference between the highest and lowest age of the disease onset (EPX405CC, ECP434CC, ECP562CC, mean 24 years vs EPX405GC, ECP434GC, ECP562GG, mean 34 years, P = 0.0009). The relative risk for UC patients with ECP434 or ECP562-GC/CC genotypes to develop dysplasia/cancer was 2.5 (95%CI: 1.2-5.4, P = 0.01) and 2.5 (95%CI: 1.1-5.4, P = 0.02) respectively, compared to patients carrying the GG-genotypes. CONCLUSION: Polymorphisms of EPX and ECP are associated to IBD in an age and gender dependent manner, suggesting an essential role of eosinophils in the pathophysiology of IBD.
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| 4. |
- Blom, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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A non-linear constitutive audio frequency magneto-sensitive rubber model including amplitude, frequency and magnetic field dependence.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Sound and Vibration. - : Elsevier. - 0022-460X .- 1095-8568. ; 330:5, s. 947-954
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel constitutive model of magneto-sensitive rubber in the audible frequency range is presented. Characteristics inherent to magneto-sensitive rubber within this dynamic regime are defined: magnetic sensitivity, amplitude dependence, elasticity and viscoelasticity. Prior to creating the model assumptions based on experimental observations concerning these components are formulated. The first observation is that not only does the rubber display a strong amplitude dependence even for small strains, but also the magnetic sensitivity is strongly amplitude dependent. The second and third are, respectively, that the elastic component is magneto-sensitive, whereas the viscoelastic dependence on magnetic induction appears to be small. Thus, the model is developed from these assumptions and parameters are optimized with respect to experimental values for one case and subsequently validated for others; a very good agreement is obtained.
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| 5. |
- Blom, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Amplitude and frequency dependence of magneto-sensitive rubber in a wide frequency range
- 2005
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Ingår i: Polymer testing. - : Elsevier. - 0142-9418 .- 1873-2348. ; 24:5, s. 656-662
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two new aspects of the dynamic behaviour in the audible frequency range of magneto-sensitive (MS) rubber are highlighted: the existence of an amplitude dependence of the shear modulus - referred to as the Fletcher-Gent effect - for even small displacements, and the appearance of large MS effects. In order to illustrate these two features, results are presented of measurements performed in the audible frequency range on two different kinds of rubber: silicone and natural rubber with a respective iron particle volume concentration of 33%. The particles used are of irregular shape and randomly distributed within the rubber. An external magnetic field of 0-0.8 T is applied. Both kinds of rubber are found to be strongly amplitude dependent and, furthermore, displaying large responses to externally applied magnetic fields - a maximum of 115%. Also included are graphs of measurements on silicone and natural rubber devoid of iron particles. Those results support the conclusion that introducing iron particles in the rubber gives rise to a strong, non-negligible, amplitude dependence in the entire frequency range.
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| 6. |
- Blom, Peter, 1979-
(författare)
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Exploring the vibration control potential of magneto-sensitive rubber
- 2005
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Two new aspects of the dynamic behaviour in the audible frequency range of magneto-sensitive (MS) rubber are highlighted: the existence of an amplitude dependence of the shear modulus—referred to as the Fletcher–Gent effect—for even small displacements, and the appearance of large MS effects. These results have been obtained experimentally and are subsequently used to model two examples of magneto-sensitive rubber isolators to show how by means of MS rubber they can be improved. The first model calculates the transfer stiffness of a torsionally excited isolator and the second one the energy flow into the foundation for a bushing inserted between a vibrating mass and an infinite plate. In both examples notable improvements in isolation can be obtained
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Blom, Peter, 1979-
(författare)
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Magneto-sensitive rubber in the audible frequency range
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The dynamic behaviour in the audible frequency range of magneto-sensitive (MS) rubber is the focus of this thesis consisting of five papers A-E. Paper A presents results drawn from experiments on samples subjected to different constant shear strains over varying frequencies and magnetic fields. Main features observed are the existence of an amplitude dependence of the shear modulus referred to as the Fletcher-Gent effect for even small displacements, and the appearance of large MS effects. These results are subsequently used in Paper B and C to model two magneto-sensitive rubber isolators, serving to demonstrate how, effectively, by means of MS rubber, these can be readily improved. The first model calculates the transfer stiffness of a torsionally excited isolator, and the second one, the energy flow into the foundation for a bushing inserted between a vibrating mass and an infinite plate. In both examples, notable improvements in isolation are obtainable. Paper D presents a non-linear constitutive model of MS rubber in the audible frequency range. Characteristics inherent to magneto-sensitive rubber within this dynamic regime are defined: magnetic sensitivity, amplitude dependence, elasticity and viscoelasticity. A very good agreement with experimental values is obtained. In Paper E, the magneto-sensitive rubber bushing stiffness for varying degrees of magnetization is predicted by incorporating the non-linear magneto-sensitive audio frequency rubber model developed in Paper D, into an effective engineering formula for the torsional stiffness of a rubber bushing. The results predict, and clearly display, the possibility of controlling over a large range through the application of a magnetic field, the magneto-sensitive rubber bushing stiffness.
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| 10. |
- Blom, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Smart audio frequency energy flow control by magneto-sensitive rubber isolators
- 2008
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Ingår i: Smart materials and structures. - : IOP Publishing. - 0964-1726 .- 1361-665X. ; 17:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A magneto-sensitive rubber isolator inserted between a source and an infinite plate is modelled in the audible frequency range, and the energy flow into the plate with the rubber subjected to a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the axial displacement is calculated. Subsequently the result is compared to the corresponding energy flow for zero magnetic induction; upon the application of an external magnetic field the rubber becomes stiffer, thus shifting the internal resonances of the isolator. This is a fast and reversible process enabling adaption of the isolator to rapidly changing audio frequency conditions by simply turning on and off a magnetic field. In the application example considered, the energy flow into the plate at the first internal dynamic peak stiffness frequency is reduced by approximately 7 dB-a large difference in a sound and vibration context-by inducing magnetic saturation of the rubber.
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