| 1. |
- Silfverdal, Sven-Arne, et al.
(författare)
-
Breastfeeding in relation to non-invasive infections and anti-Hib antibodies in control children
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Subjects. Sera were obtained from 74 healthy children, below 6 years of age, recruited as controls in a case control study. Duration and mode of breastfeeding were registered. Frequent infections as stated by parents and levels of antibody to Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) were studied in relation to the duration of exclusive breastfeeding.Results. Duration of exclusive breastfeeding emerged as a protective factor against frequent non-invasive and non-specific infections in all children with an OR of 0.92 (0.86-0.98), adjusted for passive smoking and sex. After stratification for age the OR decreased to 0.87 (0.76-1.0) in children less than 18 months indicating a stronger protective effect by exclusive breastfeeding against frequent non-invasive infections in younger children compared to older ones. In the younger children sex was the only significant factor associated with the anti-Hib IgG1 and IgG2 antibody levels. Duration of exclusive or any breastfeeding, used either as a dichotomised or a continuous variable, did not show any significant influence on the antibody levels in the younger children. In children ≥ 18 months of age the regression model for anti-Hib IgG2 antibody level was close to significance (p=0.052) but with only a very low R2 around 0.07. When frequent infections or passive smoking was added as an explanatory variable, duration of exclusive breastfeeding became significant (p=0.036) but still with a low R2 Duration of exclusive breastfeeding was significantly related to the anti-Hib IgG2 antibody level in older children without frequent infections. Expression ofldiotype-1 (Id-1) antibodies increased with age in contrast to Id-2 antibodies that were found only in children ≤ 24 months of age, but the levels of neither Id-1 nor Id-2 antibodies were related to duration of breastfeeding or passive smoking. In older children, those without frequent infections showed higher levels of antibodies expression Id-1 than children with frequent infections.Discussion. Human milk contains oligosaccharides, leucocytes (granulocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes), hmmones, cytokines, growth factors and other substances that may protect against infection or stimulate the proliferation and the development of the innate and adapted immune system including a stimulatory effect on the anti-Hib antibody response. The distributions of Id-1 and Id-2 were related to age and the IgG2 anti-Hib antibody levels.Conclusion. This study shows that exclusive breastfeeding is likely to have a protective effect against frequent non-invasive infections. It also shows that breastfeeding seems to enhance the anti-Hib IgG2 antibody production in healthy children.
|
|
| 2. |
- Silfverdal, Sven-Arne, et al.
(författare)
-
Long term enhancement of the IgG2 antibody response to Haemophilus influenzae type b by breast-feeding.
- 2002
-
Ingår i: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. - 0891-3668 .- 1532-0987. ; 21:9, s. 816-21
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- SUBJECTS: Sets of sera were obtained from 30 children <6 years of age with invasive type b (Hib) infection and their mothers. Duration and mode of breast-feeding were monitored. Titers of IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM antibodies against Hib capsular polysaccharide were determined in sera taken during the acute illness and during early and late convalescence. RESULTS: Children 18 months or older with longer durations of exclusive breast-feeding (13 weeks or more; mean, 19.3 weeks) had higher Hib antibody concentrations of the IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM isotypes than those with a shorter duration of exclusive breast-feeding (<13 weeks; mean, 5.4 weeks). The difference was greatest for the IgG2 isotype. In regression analyses the association between the duration of exclusive breast-feeding and the anti-Hib IgG2 concentration was significant when breast-feeding, type of Hib infection, maternal Hib antibody titer and age were used as explanatory factors. In the group of 14 children <18 months of age no significant differences were noted. DISCUSSION: This study indicates the presence of a long lasting enhancing effect of breast-feeding on the antibody response to Hib in children, in particular on IgG2 Hib antibody production. This may result from the content in the milk of IFN-gamma and IFN-gamma-producing cells and possibly other factors, which can support IgG2 antibody production.
|
|
| 3. |
- Silfverdal, Sven-Arne, et al.
(författare)
-
Long-term enhancement of the lgG2 antibody response to Haemophilus influenzae type b by breastfeeding
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Subjects. Sets of sera were obtained from 30 children below 6 years of age with invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection, and therr mothers. DuratiOn and mode of breastfeeding were registered. Levels of IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM antibodies agamst Hrb capsular polysaccharide (CP) were determined in sera taken during acute the illness as well as in the early and late convalescence.Results. Children 18 months or older with longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding (13 weeks or more, mean 19.3 weeks) had higher anti-Rib antibody levels of the IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM isotypes than those with shorter duration of exclusive breastfeeding (less than 13 weeks, mean 5.4 weeks). The difference between the breastfeeding groups was greatest for the IgG2 isotype. In regression analyses the association between the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and the anti-Hib IgG2 level was significant when breastfeeding, type of Hib infection, maternal anti-Rib antibody level and age were used as explanatory factors. In the group of 14 children below 18 months of age no significant differences were noted.Discussion. Human milk is rich in IFN-y as well as in IFN-y producing cells, which may result in a specific stimulatory effect of breastfeeding on the IgG2 anti-Rib antibody response. In conclusion, this study indicates the presence of a long lasting enhancing effect of breastfeeding on the antibody response to Hib in children, in particular on IgG2 anti-Hib antibody production.
|
|
