| 1. |
- Boese, Vanessa Alexandra, et al.
(författare)
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Patterns of Democracy over Space and Time
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Studies Quarterly. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0020-8833 .- 1468-2478. ; 66:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Unidimensional measures of democracy fail to account for the complex and varied nature of political systems. This article disaggregates the concept of democracy and proposes a multidimensional conceptualization to account for this variation in institutional configurations. Three theoretically informed dimensions are featured: participation, electoral contestation, and constraints on the executive. The three dimensions constitute a cube covering all regime types, in which we place countries using V-Dem data from 1789 to 2019. This cube of democracy patterns reveals several interesting observations. We trace historical patterns of democratization and discuss how countries across the world have taken different paths at different times. Our conceptualization shows that political systems with a similar score along a unidimensional scale are often quite distinct. In addition, across the globe for 200 years, certain configurations of political institutions rarely occur. Furthermore, our approach reveals interesting patterns of regime convergence and divergence over time. Finally, we show that the typical pathways to democracy have changed since 1789. This multidimensional conceptualization ultimately opens up new avenues for research in which institutional variation and change can be studied in greater detail.
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| 2. |
- Hurry, V.M., et al.
(författare)
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Effects of growth at cold hardening temperatures and temperature shifts on resistance to photoinhibition
- 1993
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Ingår i: Advances in plant cold hardiness. - Boca Raton : CRC Press. - 9781351069526 - 0849349508 ; , s. 103-112
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter presents a summary of results that illustrate the photosynthetic responses of cold-tolerant cereals, spinach, and pine to low temperature-induced photoinhibition. Pre Exposure to a low temperature regime induces a cold-hardened state that imparts a certain level of freezing resistance and enhances the winter survival of the seedlings under natural conditions. Photosynthesis provides the energy for this cold hardening process. The phenomenon of resistance to photoinhibition was examined at several levels of cellular organization in winter rye: isolated thylakoids; isolated, intact mesophyll cells; and leaf segments. In contrast to the herbaceous cold-tolerant plants, Scots pine exposed to cold hardening conditions exhibited the same susceptibility to low temperature-induced photoinhibition as nonhardened Scots pine. To attain maximum cold hardiness, the herbaceous plants grow and develop at low temperatures and, as a consequence, develop a resistance to low temperature photoinhibition. The capacity to down-regulate PSII through photoinhibition may be an important characteristic that separates cold-tolerant from chilling-sensitive plant species.
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| 3. |
- Wilson, Matthew C., et al.
(författare)
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Episodes of liberalization in autocracies: a new approach to quantitatively studying democratization
- 2023
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Ingår i: Political Science Research and Methods. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 2049-8470 .- 2049-8489. ; 11:3, s. 501-520
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper introduces a new approach to the quantitative study of democratization. Building on the comparative case-study and large-N literature, it outlines an episode approach that identifies the discrete beginning of a period of political liberalization, traces its progression, and classifies episodes as successful versus different types of failing outcomes, thus avoiding potentially fallacious assumptions of unit homogeneity. We provide a description and analysis of all 383 liberalization episodes from 1900 to 2019, offering new insights on democratic "waves". We also demonstrate the value of this approach by showing that while several established covariates are valuable for predicting the ultimate outcomes, none explain the onset of a period of liberalization.
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