| 1. |
- Schrader, Lars-Uve, et al.
(författare)
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Flow past a plate with elliptic leading edge : layer response to free-stream vorticity
- 2010
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Ingår i: SEVENTH IUTAM SYMPOSIUM ON LAMINAR-TURBULENT TRANSITION. - Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands. - 9789048137220 ; , s. 565-568
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We show the response of the boundary-layer flow past a wing to free-stream disturbances with axial, vertical and spanwise vorticity and explain the associated receptivity mechanisms. A flat plate with elliptic leading edge serves as wing model. and the vortical free-stream disturbances are modeled by space and time periodic Fourier modes. The results are extracted from solutions to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations computed with the Spectral Element Method.
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| 2. |
- Schrader, Lars-Uve, et al.
(författare)
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Numerical study of boundary-layer receptivity on a swept wing
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the flow over a wing with 45◦ sweep and −4◦ angle-of-attack are presented. This flow configuration was investigated in a series of wind-tunnel experiments at the Arizona State University (ASU). On the upper wing side, the flow develops a substantial crossflow and is therefore ideally suited for a study of the receptivity mechanisms of crossflow vortices. Here, we examine the boundary-layer receptivity to surface roughness and to single vortical free-stream modes. The roughness is modeled by a shallow circular disk and is identical with one single element of the spanwise roughness array considered in the ASU experiments. The boundary layer develops a steady crossflow mode downstream of the roughness. The spatial evolution of the modal amplitude obtained by the DNS is in excellent agreement with a solution to the nonlinear parabolized stability equations (NPSE) while being lower than that measured in the experiments. The reasons for this discrepancy are yet to be determined. Possible explanations are the idealization of the roughness array by spanwise periodic boundary conditions in our simulations, or the presence of traveling crossflow waves due to background free-stream turbulence in the experiments. We demonstrate that the boundary-layer receptivity to roughness can be successfully predicted by a nonlocal, adjoint-based receptivity model. Stationary crossflow vortices can also be triggered by zero-frequency free-stream vortical modes. We consider two types of mode, carrying stream wise and chordwise vorticity. Both modes give rise to nonmodal disturbances near the leading edge, which soon evolve into a steady crossflow mode. The boundary layer is found to be somewhat more receptive to the streamwisevorticity mode than to the chordwise vorticity.
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| 3. |
- Schrader, Lars-Uve, et al.
(författare)
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Receptivity mechanisms in three-dimensional boundary-layer flows
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Fluid Mechanics. - 0022-1120 .- 1469-7645. ; 618, s. 209-241
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Receptivity in three-dimensional boundary-layer flow to localized surface roughness and free-stream vorticity is studied. A boundary layer of Falkner–Skan–Cooke type with favourable pressure gradient is considered to model the flow slightly downstream of a swept-wing leading edge. In this region, stationary and travelling crossflow instability dominates over other instability types. Three scenarios are investigated: the presence of low-amplitude chordwise localized, spanwise periodic roughness elements on the plate, the impingement of a weak vortical free-stream mode on the boundary layer and the combination of both disturbance sources. Three receptivity mechanisms are identified: steady receptivity to roughness, unsteady receptivity to free-stream vorticity and unsteady receptivity to vortical modes scattered at the roughness. Both roughness and vortical modes provide efficient direct receptivity mechanisms for stationary and travelling crossflow instabilities. We find that stationary crossflow modes dominate for free-stream turbulence below a level of about 0.5%, whereas higher turbulence levels will promote the unsteady receptivity mechanism. Under the assumption of small amplitudes of the roughness and the free-stream disturbance, the unsteady receptivity process due to scattering of free-stream vorticity at the roughness has been found to give small initial disturbance amplitudes in comparison to the direct mechanism for free-stream modes. However, in many environments free-stream vorticity and roughness may excite interacting unstable stationary and travelling crossflow waves. This nonlinear process may rapidly lead to large disturbance amplitudes and promote transition to turbulence.
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| 4. |
- Schrader, Lars-Uve, et al.
(författare)
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Receptivity to free-stream vorticity of flow past a flat plate with elliptic leading edge
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Fluid Mechanics. - 0022-1120 .- 1469-7645. ; 653, s. 245-271
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Receptivity of the two-dimensional boundary layer on a flat plate with elliptic leading edge is studied by numerical simulation. Vortical perturbations in the oncoming free stream are considered, impinging on two leading edges with different aspect ratio to identify the effect of bluntness. The relevance of the three vorticity components of natural free-stream turbulence is illuminated by considering axial, vertical and spanwise vorticity separately at different angular frequencies. The boundary layer is most receptive to zero-frequency axial vorticity, triggering a streaky pattern of alternating positive and negative streamwise disturbance velocity. This is in line with earlier numerical studies on non-modal growth of elongated structures in the Blasius boundary layer. We find that the effect of leading-edge bluntness is insignificant for axial free-stream vortices alone. On the other hand, vertical free-stream vorticity is also able to excite non-modal instability in particular at zero and low frequencies. This mechanism relies on the generation of streamwise vorticity through stretching and tilting of the vertical vortex columns at the leading edge and is significantly stronger when the leading edge is blunt. It can thus be concluded that the non-modal boundary-layer response to a free-stream turbulence field with three-dimensional vorticity is enhanced in the presence of a blunt leading edge. At high frequencies of the disturbances the boundary layer becomes receptive to spanwise free-stream vorticity, triggering Tollmien-Schlichting (T-S) modes and receptivity increases with leading-edge bluntness. The receptivity coefficients to free-stream vortices are found to be about 15% of those to sound waves reported in the literature. For the boundary layers and free-stream perturbations considered, the amplitude of the T-S waves remains small compared with the low-frequency streak amplitudes.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Tempelmann, David, et al.
(författare)
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Numerical study of boundary-layer receptivity on a swept wing
- 2011
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Ingår i: 6th AIAA Theoretical Fluid Mechanics Conference. - Reston, Virigina : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the flow over a wing with 45° sweep and -4° angle-of-attack are presented. This flow configuration was investigated in a series of wind-tunnel experiments at the Arizona State University (ASU). Here, we examine the boundary-layer receptivity to surface roughness and to single vortical free-stream modes. The roughness is modeled by a shallow circular disk and is identical with one single element of the spanwise roughness array considered in the ASU experiments. The boundary layer develops a steady crossflow mode downstream of the roughness. The spatial evolution of the modal amplitude obtained by the DNS is in excellent agreement with a solution to the nonlinear parabolized stability equations (NPSE) while being lower than that measured in the experiments. The reasons for this discrepancy are yet to be determined. Possible explanations are the presence of traveling crossflow waves due to background free-stream turbulence in the experiments or the slight difference between the numerical and experimental pressure gradients at the roughness site. Stationary crossflow vortices can also be triggered by zero-frequency free-stream vortical modes. We consider two types of mode, carrying streamwise and vertical vorticity. Both modes give rise to nonmodal disturbances near the leading edge, which soon evolve into a steady crossflow mode. The boundary layer is found to be somewhat more receptive to the streamwise-vorticity mode than to the chordwise vorticity. Copyright
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| 7. |
- Tempelmann, David, et al.
(författare)
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Swept wing boundary-layer receptivity to localized surface roughness
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Fluid Mechanics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0022-1120 .- 1469-7645. ; 711, s. 516-544
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The receptivity to localized surface roughness of a swept-wing boundary layer is studied by direct numerical simulation (DNS) and computations using the parabolized stability equations (PSEs). The DNS is laid out to reproduce wind tunnel experiments performed by Saric and coworkers, where micron-sized cylinders were used to trigger steady crossflow modes. The amplitudes of the roughness-induced fundamental crossflow wave and its superharmonics obtained from nonlinear PSE solutions agree excellently with the DNS results. A receptivity model using the direct and adjoint PSEs is shown to provide reliable predictions of the receptivity to roughness cylinders of different heights and chordwise locations. Being robust and computationally efficient, the model is well suited as a predictive tool of receptivity in flows of practical interest. The crossflow mode amplitudes obtained based on both DNS and PSE methods are 40% of those measured in the experiments. Additional comparisons between experimental and PSE data for various disturbance wavelengths reveal that the measured disturbance amplitudes are consistently larger than those predicted by the PSE-based receptivity model by a nearly constant factor. Supplementary DNS and PSE computations suggest that possible natural leading-edge roughness and free-stream turbulence in the experiments are unlikely to account for this discrepancy. It is more likely that experimental uncertainties in the streamwise location of the roughness array and cylinder height are responsible for the additional receptivity observed in the experiments.
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