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- Alexander, Jodi L., et al.
(författare)
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Pigment dispersing factors and their cognate receptors in a crustacean model, with new insights into distinct neurons and their functions
- 2020
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Neuroscience. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1662-4548 .- 1662-453X. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pigment dispersing factors (PDFs, or PDHs in crustaceans) form a structurally related group of neuropeptides found throughout the Ecdysozoa and were first discovered as pigmentary effector hormones in crustaceans. In insects PDFs fulfill crucial neuromodulatory roles, most notably as output regulators of the circadian system, underscoring their central position in physiological and behavioral organization of arthropods. Intriguingly, decapod crustaceans express multiple isoforms of PDH originating from separate genes, yet their differential functions are still to be determined. Here, we functionally define two PDH receptors in the crab Carcinus maenas and show them to be selectively activated by four PDH isoforms: PDHR 43673 was activated by PDH-1 and PDH-2 at low nanomolar doses whilst PDHR 41189 was activated by PDH-3 and an extended 20 residue e-PDH. Detailed examination of the anatomical distribution of all four peptides and their cognate receptors indicate that they likely perform different functions as secreted hormones and/or neuromodulators, with PDH-1 and its receptor 43,673 implicated in an authentic hormonal axis. PDH-2, PDH-3, and e-PDH were limited to non-neurohemal interneuronal sites in the CNS; PDHR 41189 was largely restricted to the nervous system suggesting a neuromodulatory function. Notably PDH-3 and e-PDH were without chromatophore dispersing activity. This is the first report which functionally defines a PDHR in an endocrine system in a crustacean and to indicate this and other putative roles of this physiologically pivotal peptide group in these organisms. Thus, our findings present opportunities to further examine the endocrine and circadian machinery in this important arthropod phylum.
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- Schumacher, Martin C., et al.
(författare)
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A comparative study of tissue omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in benign and malignant pathologic stage pT2a radical prostatectomy specimens
- 2013
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Ingår i: Urologic Oncology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1078-1439 .- 1873-2496. ; 31:3, s. 318-324
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To analyze different polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUPA) tissue levels in malignant compared with benign prostatic tissue from the same prostate specimens. Materials and methods: Fresh frozen benign and malignant prostatic tissue was obtained from radical prostatectomy specimens in 49 men with pathologic stage pT2a prostate cancer. Histopathologic examination confirmed that all tissues from each prostate being analyzed were either completely benign or almost totally malignant. The PUFA composition in these tissues was determined by gas-liquid chromatography on a capillary column. The relative amount of each PUFA (% of total fatty acids) was quantified by integrating the area under the peak and dividing the result by the total area of all fatty acids. Results: Tissue levels of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, (C20:3w6), an omega-6 PUFA and a major precursor of omega-6 PUFA metabolites, were significantly higher in malignant compared with benign tissues (P = 0.002). Tissue levels of the downstream omega-6 metabolites, arachidonic acid (AA) (20:4 omega 6), and adrenic acid, (22:4 omega 6), were significantly lower in cancer tissues, (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.013, respectively). Overall, the total levels of omega-6 PUPA were lower in cancer (P = 0.001). Conclusion: We found that the omega-6 PUPA AA and adrenic acid are decreased in malignant prostatic tissues compared with benign tissues from the same prostates. These findings provide additional evidence that dietary fat is associated with prostatic carcinogenesis.
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