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| 2. |
- Sigmund, G., et al.
(författare)
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Addressing chemical pollution in biodiversity research
- 2023
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 29:12, s. 3240-3255
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change, biodiversity loss, and chemical pollution are planetary-scale emergencies requiring urgent mitigation actions. As these "triple crises" are deeply interlinked, they need to be tackled in an integrative manner. However, while climate change and biodiversity are often studied together, chemical pollution as a global change factor contributing to worldwide biodiversity loss has received much less attention in biodiversity research so far. Here, we review evidence showing that the multifaceted effects of anthropogenic chemicals in the environment are posing a growing threat to biodiversity and ecosystems. Therefore, failure to account for pollution effects may significantly undermine the success of biodiversity protection efforts. We argue that progress in understanding and counteracting the negative impact of chemical pollution on biodiversity requires collective efforts of scientists from different disciplines, including but not limited to ecology, ecotoxicology, and environmental chemistry. Importantly, recent developments in these fields have now enabled comprehensive studies that could efficiently address the manifold interactions between chemicals and ecosystems. Based on their experience with intricate studies of biodiversity, ecologists are well equipped to embrace the additional challenge of chemical complexity through interdisciplinary collaborations. This offers a unique opportunity to jointly advance a seminal frontier in pollution ecology and facilitate the development of innovative solutions for environmental protection.
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| 3. |
- Rodriguez, Alvaro, et al.
(författare)
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ToxTrac : a fast and robust software for tracking organisms
- 2018
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Ingår i: Methods in Ecology and Evolution. - : British Ecological Society. - 2041-210X. ; 9:3, s. 460-464
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1. Behavioral analysis based on video recording is becoming increasingly popular within research fields such as; ecology, medicine, ecotoxicology, and toxicology. However, the programs available to analyze the data, which are; free of cost, user-friendly, versatile, robust, fast and provide reliable statistics for different organisms (invertebrates, vertebrates and mammals) are significantly limited.2. We present an automated open-source executable software (ToxTrac) for image-based tracking that can simultaneously handle several organisms monitored in a laboratory environment. We compare the performance of ToxTrac with current accessible programs on the web.3. The main advantages of ToxTrac are: i) no specific knowledge of the geometry of the tracked bodies is needed; ii) processing speed, ToxTrac can operate at a rate >25 frames per second in HD videos using modern computers; iii) simultaneous tracking of multiple organisms in multiple arenas; iv) integrated distortion correction and camera calibration; v) robust against false positives; vi) preservation of individual identification; vii) useful statistics and heat maps in real scale are exported in image, text and excel formats.4. ToxTrac can be used for high speed tracking of insects, fish, rodents or other species, and provides useful locomotor information in animal behavior experiments. Download ToxTrac here: https://toxtrac.sourceforge.io (Current version v2.61).
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| 4. |
- Späth, Jana, et al.
(författare)
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Metabolomics reveals changes in metabolite profiles due to growth and metamorphosis during the ontogeny of the northern damselfly
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of insect physiology. - : Elsevier. - 0022-1910 .- 1879-1611. ; 136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many insects have complex life cycles where a drastic ontogenetic change happens between the larval stages and the adult stage, i.e. metamorphosis. Damselflies (order Odonata, suborder Zygoptera) are widely distributed and ecologically important semi-aquatic insects with a complex life cycle. Phenotypic changes over damselfly ontogeny have been documented, however, if and how metabolite profiles are also changing is currently unknown. Here we used a metabolomics methodology to gain insights into the metabolic changes during the life cycle of the Northern damselfly (Coenagrion hastulatum). Hatchlings of wild-caught damselflies were reared in the laboratory and metabolomics analyses using liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry were carried out at three larval stages and on adult damselflies. Additionally, a subset of larvae was exposed to wastewater effluent to assess how metabolite profiles responded to an environmental stressor. A total of 212 compounds belonging to several classes (e.g. amino acids, fatty acids, sugars) were annotated. Across metamorphosis, we found that damselflies shifted from protein catabolism to lipid catabolism. Wastewater effluent exposure resulted in ontogenetic stage-dependent changes of individual metabolites, but not to a marked extent. Overall, our study is one of the first to describe changes of metabolite profiles during ontogeny of an insect, and it provides a first step towards a greater understanding of the physiological changes occurring during general insect—but especially damselfly—ontogeny.
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| 5. |
- Sigmund, Gabriel, et al.
(författare)
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Broaden chemicals scope in biodiversity targets
- 2022
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 376:6599, s. 1279-1280
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 6. |
- Castillo, N. A., et al.
(författare)
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Understanding pharmaceutical exposure and the potential for effects in marine biota : A survey of bonefish (Albula vulpes) across the Caribbean Basin
- 2024
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 349
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most research on pharmaceutical presence in the environment to date has focused on smaller scale assessments of freshwater and riverine systems, relying mainly on assays of water samples, while studies in marine ecosystems and of exposed biota are sparse. This study investigated the pharmaceutical burden in bonefish (Albula vulpes), an important recreational and artisanal fishery, to quantify pharmaceutical exposure throughout the Caribbean Basin. We sampled 74 bonefish from five regions, and analyzed them for 102 pharmaceuticals. We assessed the influence of sampling region on the number of pharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical assemblage, and risk of pharmacological effects. To evaluate the risk of pharmacological effects at the scale of the individual, we proposed a metric based on the human therapeutic plasma concentration (HTPC), comparing measured concentrations to a threshold of 1/3 the HTPC for each pharmaceutical. Every bonefish had at least one pharmaceutical, with an average of 4.9 and a maximum of 16 pharmaceuticals in one individual. At least one pharmaceutical was detected in exceedance of the 1/3 HTPC threshold in 39% of bonefish, with an average of 0.6 and a maximum of 11 pharmaceuticals exceeding in a Key West individual. The number of pharmaceuticals (49 detected in total) differed across regions, but the risk of pharmacological effects did not (23 pharmaceuticals exceeded the 1/3 HTPC threshold). The most common pharmaceuticals were venlafaxine (43 bonefish), atenolol (36), naloxone (27), codeine (27), and trimethoprim (24). Findings suggest that pharmaceutical detections and concentration may be independent, emphasizing the need to monitor risk to biota regardless of exposure diversity, and to focus on risk quantified at the individual level. This study supports the widespread presence of pharmaceuticals in marine systems and shows the utility of applying the HTPC to assess the potential for pharmacological effects, and thus quantify impact of exposure at large spatial scales.
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| 7. |
- Späth, Jana, et al.
(författare)
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Oxylipins at intermediate larval stages of damselfly Coenagrion hastulatum as biochemical biomarkers for anthropogenic pollution
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Springer. - 0944-1344 .- 1614-7499. ; 28:22, s. 27629-27638
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aquatic pollution resulting from anthropogenic activities requires adequate environmental monitoring strategies in sentinel organisms. Thus, biochemical biomarkers have been used as early-warning tools of biological effects in aquatic organisms. However, before using these markers for environmental monitoring, knowledge about their developmental variation is vital. In this study, we assessed baseline levels and developmental variations of a group of potential biomarkers, oxylipins, during the lifespan of the Northern damselfly (Coenagrion hastulatum) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Effects of wastewater exposure on baseline levels were studied in a subset of damselflies to investigate the responsiveness due to anthropogenic pollution. Thirty-eight oxylipins deriving from four polyunsaturated fatty acids via two enzymatic pathways were detected in damselflies at three larval stages and in the adult form. Overall, oxylipin baseline levels showed developmental variation, which was lowest in the intermediate larval stages. Effects of exposure to wastewater effluent on oxylipin baseline levels were dependent on the life stage and were greatest in the early and intermediate larval stages. The study provides first insights into oxylipin profiles of damselflies at different stages of development and their developmental variation. Based on our results, we propose further strategies for incorporating oxylipins in damselfly larvae as biochemical markers for anthropogenic pollution. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
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| 8. |
- Späth, Jana, et al.
(författare)
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Wastewater effluent affects behaviour and metabolomic endpoints in damselfly larvae
- 2022
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wastewater treatment plant effluents have been identified as a major contributor to increasing anthropogenic pollution in aquatic environments worldwide. Yet, little is known about the potentially adverse effects of wastewater treatment plant effluent on aquatic invertebrates. In this study, we assessed effects of wastewater effluent on the behaviour and metabolic profiles of damselfly larvae (Coenagrion hastulatum), a common aquatic invertebrate species. Four key behavioural traits: activity, boldness, escape response, and foraging (traits all linked tightly to individual fitness) were studied in larvae before and after one week of exposure to a range of effluent dilutions (0, 50, 75, 100%). Effluent exposure reduced activity and foraging, but generated faster escape response. Metabolomic analyses via targeted and non-targeted mass spectrometry methods revealed that exposure caused significant changes to 14 individual compounds (4 amino acids, 3 carnitines, 3 lysolipids, 1 peptide, 2 sugar acids, 1 sugar). Taken together, these compound changes indicate an increase in protein metabolism and oxidative stress. Our findings illustrate that wastewater effluent can affect both behavioural and physiological traits of aquatic invertebrates, and as such might pose an even greater threat to aquatic ecosystems than previously assumed. More long-term studies are now needed evaluate if these changes are linked to adverse effects on fitness. The combination of behavioural and metabolomic assessments provide a promising tool for detecting effects of wastewater effluent, on multiple biological levels of organisation, in aquatic ecosystems.
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| 9. |
- Brodin, Gert, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of the g factor in semiclassical kinetic plasma theory
- 2008
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - : American Physical Society. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 101:24, s. 245002-245006
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A kinetic theory for spin plasmas is put forward, generalizing those of previous authors. In the model, the ordinary phase space is extended to include the spin degrees of freedom. Together with Maxwell's equations, the system is shown to be energy conserving. Analyzing the linear properties, it is found that new types of wave-particle resonances are possible that depend directly on the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron. As a result, new wave modes, not present in the absence of spin, appear. The implications of our results are discussed.
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| 10. |
- Brodin, L, et al.
(författare)
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The reticulospinal glutamate synapse in lamprey: plasticity and presynaptic variability
- 1994
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Ingår i: Journal of Neurophysiology. - 0022-3077 .- 1522-1598. ; 72, s. 592-604
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1. The glutamatergic synapses formed between the unbranched giant reticulospinal axons onto spinal neurons in lamprey offer a central vertebrate synapse in which the presynaptic element can be impaled with one or several microelectrodes, which may be used for recording as well as microinjection of different substances. To provide a basis for the use of this synapse in studies of release mechanisms, we have examined the use-dependent modulation of the synaptic response under conditions of conventional cell body stimulation, and during direct stimulation of the presynaptic axon. 2. To examine the stability of the mixed electrotonic and chemical reticulospinal excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) over time, action potentials were evoked at a rate of 1 Hz for 800-1000 trials. In three out of seven synapses the chemical component remained at a similar amplitude, while in four cases a progressive decrease (up to 35%) occurred. The electrotonic component remained at a similar amplitude in all cases. 3. During paired pulse stimulation of the reticulospinal cell body (pulse interval 65 ms) the chemical EPSP component showed a net facilitation in all cases tested [from 0.64 +/- 0.35 to 0.89 +/- 0.48 (SD) mV, n = 13], while the peak amplitude of the electrotonic component was unchanged (1.37 +/- 0.68 and 1.36 +/- 0.66 mV, respectively). Recording of the axonal action potential during paired pulse stimulation showed that the width of the first and second action potential did not differ [1/2 width (2.48 +/- 0.39 ms and 2.48 +/- 0.42 ms, respectively; n = 8)]. 4. The degree of facilitation varied markedly between different synapses, ranging from an increase of a few percent to a two-fold increase (24 +/- 16% mean change of total EPSP amplitude, corresponding to 44 +/- 26% mean change of chemical EPSP amplitude). This type of variability was also observed in synapses made from the same unbranched reticulospinal axon onto different postsynaptic cells. 5. When paired pulse stimulation was applied to the reticulospinal axon in the very vicinity of the synaptic area (0.1-1 mm) a net depression of the chemical component occurred in 11 out of 19 cases, and in the remaining cases the level of net facilitation was lower as compared with cell body stimulation (range between +17 and -23% change of total EPSP amplitude; mean -5%; n = 19). 6. To test if the change of the EPSP plasticity during local stimulation correlated with an increased transmitter release, two microelectrodes were placed in the same reticulospinal axon at different distances from the synaptic area.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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