| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Arndt, D. S., et al.
(författare)
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STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: Bulletin of The American Meteorological Society - (BAMS). - : American Meteorological Society. - 0003-0007 .- 1520-0477. ; 99:8, s. S1-S310
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)
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| 3. |
- Tobias, Deirdre K, et al.
(författare)
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Second international consensus report on gaps and opportunities for the clinical translation of precision diabetes medicine
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature Medicine. - 1546-170X. ; 29:10, s. 2438-2457
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Precision medicine is part of the logical evolution of contemporary evidence-based medicine that seeks to reduce errors and optimize outcomes when making medical decisions and health recommendations. Diabetes affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide, many of whom will develop life-threatening complications and die prematurely. Precision medicine can potentially address this enormous problem by accounting for heterogeneity in the etiology, clinical presentation and pathogenesis of common forms of diabetes and risks of complications. This second international consensus report on precision diabetes medicine summarizes the findings from a systematic evidence review across the key pillars of precision medicine (prevention, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis) in four recognized forms of diabetes (monogenic, gestational, type 1, type 2). These reviews address key questions about the translation of precision medicine research into practice. Although not complete, owing to the vast literature on this topic, they revealed opportunities for the immediate or near-term clinical implementation of precision diabetes medicine; furthermore, we expose important gaps in knowledge, focusing on the need to obtain new clinically relevant evidence. Gaps include the need for common standards for clinical readiness, including consideration of cost-effectiveness, health equity, predictive accuracy, liability and accessibility. Key milestones are outlined for the broad clinical implementation of precision diabetes medicine.
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| 4. |
- Powell, Kipton J., et al.
(författare)
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Chemical speciation of environmentally significant metals with inorganic ligands Part 2: The Cu2+-OH-, Cl-, CO32-, SO42-, and PO43- systems (IUPAC Technical Report)
- 2007
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Ingår i: Pure and Applied Chemistry. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0033-4545 .- 1365-3075. ; 79:5, s. 895-950
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Complex formation between CuII and the common environmental ligands Cl-, OH-, CO32-, SO42-, and PO43- can have a significant effect on CuII speciation in natural waters with low concentrations of organic matter. Copper(II) complexes are labile, so the CuII distribution amongst these inorganic ligands can be estimated by numerical modeling if reliable values for the relevant stability (formation) constants are available. This paper provides a critical review of such constants and related thermodynamic data. It recommends values of log10βp,q,r° valid at Im = 0 mol kg-1 and 25 °C (298.15 K), along with the equations and specific ion interaction coefficients required to calculate log10βp,q,r values at higher ionic strengths. Some values for reaction enthalpies, ΔrHm, are also reported where available. In weakly acidic fresh water systems, in the absence of organic ligands, CuII speciation is dominated by the species Cu2+(aq), with CuSO4(aq) as a minor species. In seawater, it is dominated by CuCO3(aq), with Cu(OH)+, Cu2+(aq), CuCl+, Cu(CO3)OH-, Cu(OH)2(aq), and Cu(CO3)22- as minor species. In weakly acidic saline systems, it is dominated by Cu2+(aq) and CuCl+, with CuSO4(aq) and CuCl2(aq) as minor species.
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| 5. |
- Søgaard Jørgensen, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Antibiotic and pesticide susceptibility and the Anthropocene operating space
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature Sustainability. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2398-9629. ; 1:11, s. 632-641
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rising levels of antimicrobial and pesticide resistance increasingly undermine human health and systems for biomass production, and emphasize the sustainability challenge of preserving organisms susceptible to these biocides. In this Review, we introduce key concepts and examine dynamics of biocide susceptibility that must be governed to address this challenge. We focus on the impact of biocides on the capacity of susceptible organisms to prevent spread of resistance, and we then review how biocide use affects a broader suite of ecosystem services. Finally, we introduce and assess the state of what we term the Anthropocene operating space of biocide susceptibility, a framework for assessing the potential of antibiotic and pesticide resistance to undermine key functions of human society. Based on current trends in antibiotic, insecticide and herbicide resistance, we conclude that the states of all six assessed variables are beyond safe zones, with three variables surpassed regionally or globally.
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| 6. |
- Søgaard Jørgensen, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Coevolutionary Governance of Antibiotic and Pesticide Resistance
- 2020
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Ingår i: Trends in Ecology & Evolution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-5347 .- 1872-8383. ; 35:6, s. 484-494
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Development of new biocides has dominated human responses to evolution of antibiotic and pesticide resistance. Increasing and uniform biocide use, the spread of resistance genes, and the lack of new classes of compounds indicate the importance of navigating toward more sustainable coevolutionary dynamics between human culture and species that evolve resistance. To inform this challenge, we introduce the concept of coevolutionary governance and propose three priorities for its implementation: (i) new norms and mental models for lowering use, (ii) diversifying practices to reduce directional selection, and (iii) investment in collective action institutions to govern connectivity. We highlight the availability of solutions that facilitate broader sustainable development, which for antibiotic resistance include improved sanitation and hygiene, strong health systems, and decreased meat consumption.
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| 7. |
- Watts, Anna L., et al.
(författare)
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Dense matter with eXTP
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy. - : Science Press. - 1674-7348 .- 1869-1927. ; 62:2
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this White Paper we present the potential of the Enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry (eXTP) mission for determining the nature of dense matter; neutron star cores host an extreme density regime which cannot be replicated in a terrestrial laboratory. The tightest statistical constraints on the dense matter equation of state will come from pulse profile modelling of accretion-powered pulsars, burst oscillation sources, and rotation-powered pulsars. Additional constraints will derive from spin measurements, burst spectra, and properties of the accretion flows in the vicinity of the neutron star. Under development by an international Consortium led by the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the eXTP mission is expected to be launched in the mid 2020s.
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