| 1. |
- Athanasopoulos, Panos, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive restructuring : Psychophysical measurement of time perception in bilinguals
- 2023
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Ingår i: Bilingualism. - 1366-7289 .- 1469-1841. ; 26:4, s. 809-818
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the link between the metaphoric structure TIME IS SPACE and time perception in bilinguals. While there appear to be fundamental commonalities in the way humans perceive and experience time regardless of language background, language-specific spatiotemporal metaphors can give rise to differences between populations, under certain conditions. Little is known, however, about how bilinguals experience time, and the specific factors that may modulate bilingual temporal processing. Here, we address this gap by examining L1 Spanish – L2 Swedish bilinguals in a psychophysical task. Results show that duration estimation of dynamic spatial configurations analogous to L2-specific temporal metaphors is modulated by L2 proficiency. In contrast, duration estimation of spatial configurations analogous to the L1 metaphorical expressions appears to be modulated by the age of L2 acquisition. These findings are discussed in terms of associative learning and cognitive restructuring in the bilingual mind.
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| 2. |
- Athanasopoulos, Panos, et al.
(författare)
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The ‘thinking’ in thinking-for-speaking : Where is it?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Language, Interaction, and Acquisition. - : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 1879-7865 .- 1879-7873. ; 4:1, s. 91-100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- According to the thinking-for-speaking (TFS) hypothesis, speakers of different languages think differently while in the process of mentally preparing content for speech. The aim of the present paper is to critically discuss the research carried out within the TFS paradigm, against the background of the basic tenets laid out by the proponents of this framework. We will show that despite substantial progress in the investigation of crosslinguistic differences in the organisation of information in discourse, the studies that actually examine the cognitive aspects of speech production are, to date, vanishingly few. This state of affairs creates a gap in our knowledge about the thought processes that co-occur with speech production during language use and acquisition. We will argue that in order to reach a more comprehensive picture of the cognitive processes and outcomes of speech production, methodologies additional to the analysis of information organisation must be used.
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| 3. |
- Berghoff, Robyn, et al.
(författare)
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L2 activation during L1 processing is increased by exposure but decreased by proficiency
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Journal of Bilingualism. - 1367-0069 .- 1756-6878. ; 28:3, s. 555-569
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: The study investigates the effects of L2 proficiency and L2 exposure on L2-to-L1 cross-language activation (CLA) in L1-dominant bilinguals. In so doing, it tests the predictions made by prominent models of the bilingual lexicon regarding how language experience modulates CLA. Design: The participants (27 L1-dominant L1 English-L2 Afrikaans speakers) completed a visual world eye-tracking task, conducted entirely in English, in which they saw four objects on a screen: a target object, which they were instructed to click on; a competitor object, whose Afrikaans label overlapped phonetically at onset with the English target object label; and two unrelated distractors. Language background data were collected using the Language History Questionnaire 3.0. Analysis: A growth curve analysis was performed to investigate the extent to which the background variables modulated looks to the Afrikaans competitor item versus to the two unrelated distractor items. Findings: Increased L2 exposure was associated with greater CLA, which is consistent with models suggesting that exposure modulates the likelihood and speed with which a linguistic item becomes activated. Moreover, CLA was reduced at higher levels of L2 proficiency, which aligns with accounts of the bilingual lexicon positing that parasitism of the L2 on the L1 is reduced at higher proficiency levels, leading to reduced CLA. Originality: L2 activation during L1 processing and the variables that modulate it are not well documented, particularly among L1 speakers with limited proficiency in and exposure to the L2. Significance: The findings contribute to the evaluation of competing accounts of bilingual lexical organization.
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| 4. |
- Bokander, Lars, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Probing the internal validity of the LLAMA language aptitude tests
- 2020
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Ingår i: Language learning. - Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons. - 0023-8333 .- 1467-9922. ; 70:1, s. 11-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the past decade, the LLAMA language aptitude test battery has come to play an increasingly important role as an instrument in research on individual differences in language development. However, a potentially serious problem that has been pointed out by several scholars is that the LLAMA has not yet been carefully validated. We addressed this issue by examining the internal validity of this test battery. We collected LLAMA data from 350 participants and assessed these data using classical item analysis, Rasch analysis, and principal component analysis within a framework of best practices in educational and psychological test validation. The results show that only one out of the four subtests (LLAMA B) produced scores that fit a latent trait model with sufficient accuracy. This suggests that researchers using the LLAMA battery must treat their results with appropriate carefulness and also that there is potential for refining the LLAMA further.
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| 5. |
- Bylund, Emanuel, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Crosslinguistic Differences in Food Labels Do Not Yield Differences in Taste Perception
- 2024
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Ingår i: Language learning. - 0023-8333 .- 1467-9922. ; 74:S1, s. 20-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research has shown that speakers of different languages may differ in their cognitive and perceptual processing of reality. A common denominator of this line of investigation has been its reliance on the sensory domain of vision. The aim of our study was to extend the scope to a new sense—taste. Using as a starting point crosslinguistic differences in the category boundaries of edible bulbs, we examined whether monolingual speakers of English and bilingual speakers of Norwegian and English were influenced by language-specific categories during tasting. The results showed no evidence of such effects, not even for the Norwegian participants in an entirely Norwegian context. This suggests that crosslinguistic differences in visual perception do not readily generalize to the domain of taste. We discuss the findings in terms of predictive processing, with particular reference to trigeminal stimulation (a central tasting component) and the interplay between chemosensory signals and top-down linguistic modulation.
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| 6. |
- Bylund, Emanuel, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Does bilingualism come with linguistic costs? A meta-analytic review of the bilingual lexical deficit
- 2023
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Ingår i: Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1069-9384 .- 1531-5320. ; 30:3, s. 897-913
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- A series of recent studies have shown that the once-assumed cognitive advantage of bilingualism finds little support in the evidence available to date. Surprisingly, however, the view that bilingualism incurs linguistic costs (the so-called lexical deficit) has not yet been subjected to the same degree of scrutiny, despite its centrality for our understanding of the human capacity for language. The current study implemented a comprehensive meta-analysis to address this gap. By analyzing 478 effect sizes from 130 studies on expressive vocabulary, we found that observed lexical deficits could not be attributed to bilingualism: Simultaneous bilinguals (who acquired both languages from birth) did not exhibit any lexical deficit, nor did sequential bilinguals (who acquired one language from birth and a second language after that) when tested in their mother tongue. Instead, systematic evidence for a lexical deficit was found among sequential bilinguals when tested in their second language, and more so for late than for early second language learners. This result suggests that a lexical deficit may be a phenomenon of second language acquisition rather than bilingualism per se.
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| 7. |
- Bylund, Emanuel, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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L2 effects on L1 event conceptualization patterns
- 2011
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Ingår i: Bilingualism. - : Cambridge University Press. - 1366-7289 .- 1469-1841. ; 14:1, s. 47-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The finding that speakers of aspect languages encode event endpoints to a lesser extent than do speakers of non-aspect languages has led to the hypothesis that there is a relationship between grammatical aspect and event conceptualization (e.g., von Stutterheim and Nüse, 2003). The present study concerns L1 event conceptualization in 40 L1 Spanish – L2 Swedish bilinguals (all near-native speakers of Swedish). Spanish and Swedish differ as regards grammatical aspect: Whereas Swedish lacks this grammatical category, Spanish conveys aspect through verbal morphology and periphrasis. The principal aim of the study was to explore the relationship between event conceptualization patterns and proficiency with aspectual contrasts. The participants were asked to provide oral L1 Spanish descriptions of video clips projecting motion events with different degrees of endpoint orientation (see von Stutterheim, 2003). In addition, they took a grammaticality judgment test concerning verb and gender agreement, verbal clitics and aspectual contrasts. Compared with baseline data from monolingual Spanish speakers, the results on endpoint encoding show that the bilinguals mention the endpoints of motion events to a higher degree than the Spanish control group does. Moreover, it was shown that the weaker the bilinguals’ discrimination of aspectual errors on the grammaticality judgement test, the more prone they were to encoding endpoints. This result consequently furthers the hypothesis about the interconnectedness between grammatical aspect and event conceptualization. It was suggested that this finding indicate that the bilinguals are influenced by the Swedish-like tendency to attend to the boundedness rather than the ongoingness of events.
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| 8. |
- Bylund, Emanuel, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Language and thought in a multilingual context : The case of isiXhosa
- 2014
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Ingår i: Bilingualism. - 1366-7289 .- 1469-1841. ; 17:2, s. 431-441
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Situated within the grammatical aspect approach to motion event cognition, this study takes a first step in investigating language and thought in functional multilinguals by studying L1 isiXhosa speakers living in South Africa. IsiXhosa being a non-aspect language, the study investigates how the knowledge and use of additional languages with grammatical aspect influence cognition of endpoint-oriented motion events among L1 isiXhosa speakers. Results from a triads-matching task show that participants who often used aspect languages and had greater exposure to English in primary education were less prone to rely on endpoints when categorising motion events.
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| 9. |
- Bylund, Emanuel, 1979-
(författare)
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Language attrition
- 2013
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Ingår i: Language, Society and Communication. - : van Schaik. - 9780627030185 - 0627030181
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 10. |
- Bylund, Emanuel, 1979-
(författare)
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Language attrition
- 2010
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Ingår i: Language. - 0097-8507 .- 1535-0665. ; 88:4
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Recension (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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