| 1. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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EEG sLORETA functional imaging during hypnotic arm levitation and voluntary arm lifting.
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5183 .- 0020-7144. ; 60:1, s. 31-53
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study (N=37 with high, medium, and low hyp-notizables) evaluated depth reports and EEG activity during both voluntary and hypnotically induced left-arm lifting with sLORETA functional neuroimaging. The hypnotic condition was associated with higher activity in fast EEG frequencies in anterior regions and slow EEG frequencies in central-parietal regions, all left-sided. The voluntary condition was associated with fast frequency activity in right-hemisphere central-parietal regions and slow frequency activity in left anterior regions. Hypnotizability did not have a significant effect on EEG activity, but hypnotic depth correlated with left hemisphere increased anterior slow EEG and decreased central fast EEG activity. Hypnosis had a minimal effect on depth reports among lows, a moderate one among mediums, and a large one among highs. Because only left-arm data were available, the full role of the hemispheres remains to be clarified.
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| 2. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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The neurophenomenology of hypnosis
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 50th Annual Conventions of the Parapsychological Association. ; , s. 17-30
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- From its inception, “animal magnetism” and hypnosis have been related to reputed psi phenomena. However, only until recently have phenomenological and neurophysiological approaches advanced enough to go beyond a putative –and vague- hypnotic state. In this study we are following a neurophenomenological approach by analyzing in parallel experience and brain processes. We selected a group of individuals with high, medium, and low hypnotizability. While their cortical activity was evaluated, their responses to a baseline sitting down with eyes closed and then lifting an arm was compared to the same behaviors after a hypnotic induction (1st session); their spontaneous mentation during baseline and various prompts after an induction and a suggestion to go into their “deepest” state was also measured (2nd session). Results show that a between-subjects factor (level of hypnotizabity) and a within subject factor (baseline or other stages of the session) both had significant effects, as did their interaction. While the experience of low hypnotizables was characterized by “normal” mentation, that of “medium” hypnotizables was centered more on vestibular and other bodily sensations, and that of “highs” was characterized by positive affect and “exceptional” mystic-like phenomena. Spectral and source location EEG analyses corroborated various patterns of brain functioning differences across levels of hypnotizability and at different times during the sessions.
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