| 1. |
- Acunzo, David, et al.
(författare)
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Anomalous experiences are more prevalent among highly suggestible individuals who are also highly dissociative*
- 2020
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Ingår i: Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1354-6805 .- 1464-0619. ; 25:3, s. 179-189
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Predictive coding models propose that high hypnotic suggestibility confers a predisposition to hallucinate due to an elevated propensity to weight perceptual beliefs (priors) over sensory evidence. Multiple lines of research corroborate this prediction and demonstrate a link between hypnotic suggestibility and proneness to anomalous perceptual states. However, such effects might be moderated by dissociative tendencies, which seem to account for heterogeneity in high hypnotic suggestibility. We tested the prediction that the prevalence of anomalous experiences would be greater among highly suggestible individuals who are also highly dissociative. Methods: We compared high and low dissociative highly suggestible participants and low suggestible controls on multiple psychometric measures of anomalous experiences. Results: High dissociative highly suggestible participants reliably reported greater anomalous experiences than low dissociative highly suggestible participants and low suggestible controls, who did not significantly differ from each other. Conclusions: These results suggest a greater predisposition to experience anomalous perceptual states among high dissociative highly suggestible individuals.
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| 2. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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A note of caution on the Waterloo-Stanford Group Scale of hypnotic susceptibility: a brief communication.
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5183 .- 0020-7144. ; 57:2, s. 222-226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The scant literature on the sequelae of hypnotizability-measurement instruments indicates that different scales produce different reactions. The Waterloo-Stanford Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form C (WSGC) was developed as a group version of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C). Parallel to the literature showing that the SHSS:C can produce more negative aftereffects than the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A, we report preliminary descriptive statistics documenting the infrequent occurrence of negative reactions to the WSGC age-regression item. We recommend that experimenters take this matter into consideration and, at the very least, ensure the presence of a clinician with hypnotic experience during the administration of the WSGC.
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| 3. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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A proposal that does not advance our understanding of hypnosis
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Scientific Exploration. - 0892-3310. ; 26:2, s. 329-339
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In his paper Hypnosis Reconsidered, Resituated, and Redefined (JSE 26(2):297–327), Adam Crabtree, a distinguished expert in the history of hypnosis, maintains that contemporary hypnosis research suffers from conceptual disorder. In his words, he attempts to redefi ne hypnosis in order to provide a stronger ground for future research. We find that his proposed reconsideration of hypnosis as a form of “trance” characterized by a focus on internal stimuli and involving the recruitment of appropriate subliminal resources is neither novel nor helpful to our current understanding of hypnosis. Among the problems we find with his paper is that it is conceptually unclear and is not informed by current research and theory; for instance, it disregards well-established findings such as individual differences in responsiveness to hypnosis and the importance of suggestion for the elicitation of hypnotic phenomena. Historical knowledge of a field is invaluable but is alone insufficient to understand its current status or propose pathways for future research and theory.
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| 4. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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Flights of fancy?
- 2009
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Ingår i: Psychological Scientific Perspectives On Out Of Body And Near Death Experiences. ; , s. 61-63
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 5. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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Hypnotic Experience is Related to Emotional Contagion.
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5183 .- 0020-7144. ; 57:1, s. 33-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The authors conducted 2 studies to evaluate whether emotional contagion, the propensity to automatically imitate the emotional expressions of others and experience the corresponding emotions, is related to behavioral and experiential indices of hypnotizability and whether such a relationship is influenced by administration context. In Study 1, behavioral and subjective measures of hypnotizability were measured alongside emotional contagion in the same context. In Study 2, different measures of hypnotizability and hypnotic depth were administered, whereas emotional contagion was independently measured in a different (nonhypnotic) context. Emotional contagion correlated with behavioral and experiential indices of hypnotizability in Study 1 but only with the latter in Study 2. The authors interpret the results as reflecting a positive relationship between emotional contagion and, at least, experiential features of hypnotizability and strengthening the case for the importance of affectivity in hypnotic responsiveness.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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Possession/trance phenomena
- 2009
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Ingår i: Dissociation and the dissociative disorders: DSM-V and beyond. ; , s. 171-181
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 8. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of translation and sex on hypnotizability testing
- 2007
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Ingår i: Contemporary Hypnosis. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0960-5290 .- 1557-0711. ; 24:4, s. 154-160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We compared hypnotizability between two samples from different universities in Sweden. One test was administered in Swedish (University of Skövde) using a translated Swedish version of the HGSHS : A (Bergman, Trenter and Kallio, 2003). At Lund University, the original English version of the HGSHS : A (Shor and Orne, 1962) was used and participants also completed the Inventory Scale of Hypnotic Depth (ISHD; Field, 1965). The results suggest that administering the HGSHS : A in English to Swedish University students may only slightly reduce hypnotizability scores. Because the HGSHS : A was designed to be used for the initial screening of hypnotic suggestibility, for most practical purposes the original version seems a valid choice among non-English groups fl uent in English. The data also support some recent fi ndings about females exhibiting higher objective and subjective hypnotizability scores than male volunteers. Copyright © 2007 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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| 9. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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The neurophenomenology of hypnosis
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 50th Annual Conventions of the Parapsychological Association. ; , s. 17-30
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- From its inception, “animal magnetism” and hypnosis have been related to reputed psi phenomena. However, only until recently have phenomenological and neurophysiological approaches advanced enough to go beyond a putative –and vague- hypnotic state. In this study we are following a neurophenomenological approach by analyzing in parallel experience and brain processes. We selected a group of individuals with high, medium, and low hypnotizability. While their cortical activity was evaluated, their responses to a baseline sitting down with eyes closed and then lifting an arm was compared to the same behaviors after a hypnotic induction (1st session); their spontaneous mentation during baseline and various prompts after an induction and a suggestion to go into their “deepest” state was also measured (2nd session). Results show that a between-subjects factor (level of hypnotizabity) and a within subject factor (baseline or other stages of the session) both had significant effects, as did their interaction. While the experience of low hypnotizables was characterized by “normal” mentation, that of “medium” hypnotizables was centered more on vestibular and other bodily sensations, and that of “highs” was characterized by positive affect and “exceptional” mystic-like phenomena. Spectral and source location EEG analyses corroborated various patterns of brain functioning differences across levels of hypnotizability and at different times during the sessions.
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| 10. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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The roles of response expectancies, basline experiences, and hypnotizability in spontaneous hypnotic experiences
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7144 .- 1744-5183. ; 67:1, s. 1-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study evaluated factors underlying individual differencesin spontaneous (unsuggested) experiences during hypnosis.Participants varying in hypnotizability (low, medium, and high) completeda questionnaire about various dimensions of consciousness theywould expect to experience at the “deepest level of hypnosis” (expectancy),an eyes-closed resting condition (baseline), and their actualexperiences during “neutral hypnosis” (hypnosis). Responses duringhypnosis were characterized by higher scores in dimensions related toalterations in conscious experience, affect, and imagery, and lowerscores in rationality and agency. Only highs and mediums evincedincreases in altered experience and body image. Across conditions,highs reported greater alterations in time experience and lower selfawarenessthan other groups. Participants overall tended to overestimatethe changes they would experience in hypnosis. Baseline andhypnosis correlated in various dimensions, including affect, arousal,and internal dialogue. After controlling for baseline scores and hypnotizability,expectancies correlated with some dimensions having to dowith alterations in consciousness. In sum, spontaneous experiencesduring hypnosis are driven by response expectancies, hypnotizability,and baseline experiences, which show differential effects.
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