| 1. |
- Lind, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
- 2021
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Ingår i: eLife. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.
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| 2. |
- Bixby, H., et al.
(författare)
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Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 569:7755, s. 260-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.
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| 3. |
- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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| 7. |
- Alfredsson, K. Svante, et al.
(författare)
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Flexural analysis of discontinuous tile core sandwich structure
- 2012
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Ingår i: Composite structures. - : Elsevier. - 0263-8223 .- 1879-1085. ; 94:5, s. 1524-1532
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Three-point flexure loading of sandwich beams with a core consisting of discrete ceramic tiles (DTSS) is considered. The tile gaps may be bonded or unbonded (open gaps). The analysis utilizes a layer-wise beam theory approach. The general formulation for the displacements and stresses in the face sheets, face/core adhesive layer, and core is derived. Solutions for stresses and displacements of the beam constituents are obtained from finite element formulation based on analytical solution of the face sheet/tile unit cell. The approach is verified by comparison to stress results obtained from ordinary finite element analysis where each layer is modeled discretely. Effects of load introduction and support conditions on the effective flexural stiffness are examined. It is demonstrated that the face sheets experience substantial stress concentrations at the tile joint locations, especially if the gaps are unfilled. Analysis of beam compliance reveals sensitivity to details of load introduction and support conditions, especially when the span length becomes comparable to the tile length.
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| 8. |
- Alfredsson, K. Svante, et al.
(författare)
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Stress analysis of axially and thermally loaded discontinuous tile core sandwich with and without adhesive filled core gaps
- 2011
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Ingår i: Composite structures. - : Elsevier. - 0263-8223 .- 1879-1085. ; 93:7, s. 1621-1630
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An analytical study is performed to investigate the stress states in an axially and thermally loaded sandwich structure with a discontinuous ceramic tile core. General and simplified models are developed to determine stresses in the constituents of the sandwich structure with and without adhesive in the gaps between adjacent tiles. A general model that allows local bending of the face sheet and a simplified model which assumes uniform through-thickness stress distribution in the face sheets are developed. It is shown that the normal stress in the face sheet decreases when the gap is filled by adhesive, although the tile stress increases. The analytical model shows that normal and shear stresses at the face/core interface can be reduced by filling the gaps between tiles. Filled gaps also elevate the axial stiffness of the structure. Model results are verified by comparison to a previously developed analytical model and finite element analysis. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 9. |
- Alfredsson, Svante, et al.
(författare)
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Flexure analysis of unsymmetric orthotropic beams with an interlayer
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Solids and Structures. - : Elsevier. - 0020-7683 .- 1879-2146. ; 46:10, s. 2093-2110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a layer-wise stress and deformation analysis of a three-layer beam configuration consisting of two dissimilar orthotropic adherends of different thicknesses that are joined together by a deformable interlayer of finite thickness. Analytical solutions for the case of three-point flexure loading are presented for both compressible and incompressible interlayers. Parametric analysis reveals the influences of asymmetry of moduli and adherend thicknesses, interlayer thickness, and overhang of the beams on the beam compliance. Analytical predictions of beam compliance show very good agreement with finite element results. Experimental measurements of compliance of various unsymmetric beams consisting of aluminum adherends separated by a rubber interlayer were performed in order to validate the analysis. Excellent agreement between measured and predicted compliance values was observed.
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| 10. |
- Alfredsson, Svante, et al.
(författare)
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Flexure of beams with an interlayer : symmetric beams with orthotropic adherends
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures. - : Mathematical Sciences Publishers. - 1559-3959 .- 2157-5428. ; 3:1, s. 45-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Analysis of the three-point flexure loading of a symmetric beam configurationconsisting of two identical adherends joined by a flexible layer is presented. Aclosed-form solution is presented in the form of a layer-wise approach, andshows excellent agreement with finite element results. Particular emphasis isgiven to the global beam compliance. The results show that a thin, sheardeformable layer may effectively decouple the responses of the two beams.Furthermore, in contrast to ordinary beams, the presence of an overhangreduces the beam compliance. These effects are quantified and discussed.Experiments on aluminum adherends joined by a rubber layer were conductedover a range of overhang lengths in a three-point flexure fixture, and verygood agreement between measured and predicted beam compliance was noted.
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