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| 2. |
- Sumaila, U. Rashid, et al.
(författare)
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WTO must ban harmful fisheries subsidies
- 2021
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 374:6567, s. 544-544
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 4. |
- Zhou, Bin, et al.
(författare)
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Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: A pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 387:10027, s. 1513-1530
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the age standardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are aff ecting the number of adults with diabetes.Methods: We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence-defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7.0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs-in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue.Findings: We used data from 751 studies including 4372000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4.3% (95% credible interval 2.4-17.0) in 1980 to 9.0% (7.2-11.1) in 2014 in men, and from 5.0% (2.9-7.9) to 7.9% (6.4-9.7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28.5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39.7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31.8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target.Interpretation: Since 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults aff ected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.
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| 5. |
- Carvalho, A., et al.
(författare)
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Local-density-functional calculations of the vacancy-oxygen center in Ge
- 2007
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 75:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We carry out a comprehensive density-functional study of the vacancy-oxygen (VO) center in germanium using large H-terminated Ge clusters. The importance of a nonlinear core correction to account for the involvement of the 3d electrons in Ge-O bonds is discussed. We calculate the electrical levels and the vibrational modes of VO0, VO-, and VO= finding close agreement with experiment. We also explore the reorientation, migration, and dissociation mechanisms of neutral and negatively charged VO and compare the calculated energy barriers with experimental data. We conclude that the defect is likely to anneal through both mechanisms.
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| 6. |
- Carvalho, A., et al.
(författare)
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Identification of the local vibrational modes of small nitrogen clusters in dilute GaAsN
- 2007
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Ingår i: Physica. B, Condensed matter. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-4526 .- 1873-2135. ; 401-402, s. 339-342
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ultra-high-resolution infra-red local vibrational mode (IR LVM) spectroscopy measurements together with density-functional calculations have been used to identify the signatures of close substitutional nitrogen (NAs) pairs in GaAs1 - x Nx alloys with concentrations of x < 0.025. We show that the presence of sub-peaks close to the NAs absorption band can be attributed to nitrogen pairs up to fourth neighbor position. Additionally, we suggest that the nitrogen pairs which give rise to the deepest levels below the conduction band edge are the first to be removed upon annealing
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| 7. |
- Carvalho, A., et al.
(författare)
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Oxygen defects in irradiated germanium
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of materials science. Materials in electronics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0957-4522 .- 1573-482X. ; 18:7, s. 781-786
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The defects present in oxygen-rich irradiated germanium have been extensively characterised from an experimental point of view. Here, we summarise recent theoretical findings obtained using the cluster method and discuss their relation with the experimental data. In order to find a microscopic interpretation of the reactions taking place in this material upon annealing up to 400°C, we performed nudged elastic band (NEB) calculations of the migration and dissociation paths of VO, as well as a modelling of other oxygen-related complexes that are expected to form in this temperature range. Energy barriers of 1.5 (1.1) eV and 1.2 (0.9) eV for the dissociation and migration of the neutral (negatively charged) VO defect are found. We compare these with the activation energies estimated from the analysis of Hall effect, deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and infra-red (IR) spectroscopy annealing data reported in literature.
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| 8. |
- Carvalho, A., et al.
(författare)
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Self-interstitial in germanium
- 2007
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 99:17, s. 175502-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low-temperature radiation damage in n- and p-type Ge is strikingly different, reflecting the charge-dependent properties of vacancies and self-interstitials. We find, using density functional theory, that in Ge the interstitial is bistable, preferring a split configuration when neutral and an open cage configuration when positively charged. The split configuration is inert while the cage configuration acts as a double donor. We evaluate the migration energies of the defects and show that the theory is able to explain the principal results of low-temperature electron-irradiation experiments.
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| 9. |
- Carvalho, A., et al.
(författare)
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Self-interstitials and Frenkel pairs in electron-irradiated germanium
- 2007
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Ingår i: Physica. B, Condensed matter. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-4526 .- 1873-2135. ; 401-402, s. 495-498
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- First principles calculations were used to study the structures and electrical levels of the self-interstitial in Ge. We considered the possibility of structural changes consequent with change in charge state and show these have important implications in the mobility and electrical activity of the defect. The theoretical model is compared to the results of low temperature electron irradiation in germanium reported in the literature.
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| 10. |
- Carvalho, J. M., et al.
(författare)
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Voltage sag index calculation: Comparison between time-domain simulation and short-circuit calculation
- 2008
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Ingår i: Electric Power Systems Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7796 .- 1873-2046. ; 78:4, s. 676-682
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes a case study where voltage sags indices are estimated using Monte Carlo approach combined with ATP (Alternative Transient Program) and short-circuit calculation program. Voltage sag magnitude and frequency are used to evaluate the correlation between both programs. The results indicate that time-domain simulation and short-circuit calculation gives similar voltage sag indices. Considering the high correlation between the results, short-circuit calculation programs are preferable over the time-domain simulation tools as the modelling for time-domain simulation is more complex, time consuming, and rarely covers the whole network. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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