| 1. |
- Carter, Ellison, et al.
(författare)
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Household energy transitions to address air pollution exposure, health, and climate burdens associated with solid fuel burning
- 2018
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Ingår i: Household energy transitions to address air pollution exposure, health, and climate burdens associated with solid fuel burning. - Philadelphia.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Residential space heating and cooking are critical household energy service needs worldwide. Household transitions to clean-burning fuels at population scales are needed that do not contribute to poor indoor and outdoor air quality and the potential associated exposure, health, and climate burdens. We propose to discuss and debate research, implementation needs, and advances related to use of solid fuel for meeting residential energy needs with an express focus on residential heating demand, which has been less studied than residential cooking.We aim to identify knowledge gaps in the field of household energy systems in resource-constrained communities, set research priorities to address these gaps, and highlight opportunities for interdisciplinary and transnational learning and collaboration.
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| 2. |
- Carvalho, Ricardo, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Household Bioenergy Transitions with Alternative Biomass Feedstocks and Technologies: An Integrated System to Mitigate Environmental Risks in Western Kenya
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In Kenya, over 50% of the total primary energy consumption is from traditional solid-fuel cooking, being this a major cause of deforestation and household air pollution (HAP). Western Kenya has an agricultural biofuel feedstock of over 1.9 million Mt, which could be processed to supply cookstoves with crop-residue pellets and improved wood fallows. The sociotechnical viability of two novel bioenergy value chains were analysed using the Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning system. Three scenarios of transition to efficient cookstoves and decentralized biofuel and electricity production systems were tested. In the “Optimal scenario”, the current feedstock in the Kisumu and Siaya counties could satisfy over 80% of the cooking energy demand by 2030. Here, the net greenhouse gas emissions from charcoal production and HAP could be reduced by 87% to 12.6 thousand Mt CO2e. Further work should integrate socioeconomic indicators reflecting additional local/regional stakeholders´ collaboration channels (cost-effective) to support the bioenergy transitions.
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| 3. |
- Carvalho, Ricardo L., et al.
(författare)
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Bioenergy strategies to address deforestation and household air pollution in western Kenya
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Biomass Conference and Exhibition Proceedings. - : ETA-Florence Renewable Energies. ; , s. 1536-1542
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over 640 million people in Africa are expected to rely on solid-fuels for cooking by 2040. In Western Kenya, cooking inefficiently persists as a major cause of burden disease due to household air pollution. The Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) system and the Life-Cycle Assessment tool Simapro 8.5 were applied for analyzing biomass strategies for the region. The calculation of the residential energy consumption and emissions was based on scientific reviews and original data from experimental studies. The research shows the effect of four biomass strategies on the reduction of wood fuel use and short-lived climate pollutant emissions. A Business As Usual scenario (BAU) considered the trends in energy use until 2035. Transition scenarios to Improved Cookstoves (ICS), Pellet-fired Gasifier Stoves (PGS) and Biogas Stoves (BGS) considered the transition to wood-logs, biomass pellets and biogas, respectively. An Integrated (INT) scenario evaluated a mix of the ICS, PGS and BGS. The study shows that, energy use will increase by 8% (BGS), 20% (INT), 26% (PGS), 42% (ICS) and 56% (BAU). The BGS has the lowest impact on global warming, particle formation, terrestrial acidification, fossil resource scarcity, water consumption, as well as on eutrophication followed by the PGS and INT.
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