| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
-
A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
-
Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
|
|
| 3. |
- Zhou, Bin, et al.
(författare)
-
Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: A pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants
- 2016
-
Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 387:10027, s. 1513-1530
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the age standardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are aff ecting the number of adults with diabetes.Methods: We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence-defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7.0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs-in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue.Findings: We used data from 751 studies including 4372000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4.3% (95% credible interval 2.4-17.0) in 1980 to 9.0% (7.2-11.1) in 2014 in men, and from 5.0% (2.9-7.9) to 7.9% (6.4-9.7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28.5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39.7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31.8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target.Interpretation: Since 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults aff ected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.
|
|
| 4. |
- Tang, C. A., et al.
(författare)
-
A theoretical model for Kaiser effect in rocks
- 1997
-
Ingår i: Pure and Applied Geophysics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0033-4553 .- 1420-9136. ; 150:2, s. 203-215
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mechanism of Kaiser effect was studied with the aid of a damage model for rock. Recognizing that the AE counts are transient elastic waves due to local damage of the rock, the quantitative relation between AE counts and statistical distribution of the local strength of the rock has been established. Subsequently, according to Damage Theory, an expression for Kaiser Effect under uniaxial stress state was derived from the model. This is found to be in good agreement with the experimental results.
|
|
| 5. |
- Andersson, Per S., et al.
(författare)
-
238U-234U and 232Th-230Th in the Baltic Sea and in river water
- 1995
-
Ingår i: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 130:1-4, s. 217-234
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concentration (C) of dissolved238U,234U,232Th and230Th in fresh and brackish waters from the Baltic Sea were determined using TIMS. The brackish waters range in salinity from that of sea water (SW) to 2.5‰. C238U in oxygen-saturated, surface waters is well correlated with salinity and shows quasi-conservative behavior, as does Sr. Samples from the redox water interface show depletion in C238U, demonstrating that dissolved U is being removed by FeMn oxyhydroxides. From a simple mixing relationship for the brackish water,δ234U* = 1000‰ was calculated for the fresh water source in the northern Baltic. A study of the Kalixälven River over an annual cycle yields highδ234U during spring and summer discharge and lower values during fall and winter, showing that different sources contribute to the U load in the river during different seasons. C232Th and C230Th in river water are governed by the discharge, reflecting the importance of the increased abundance of small particles ( < 0.45 μm) for the232Th230Th load at high discharge.232Th/238U in river water is about 40 times less than in detrital material. In the brackish water, C232Th drops 2 orders of magnitude in the low salinity region ( < 5‰), reaching a value close to that of sea water at a salinity of 7.5‰. Almost all of the riverine232Th must be deposited in the low-salinity regions of the estuary.The230Th/232Th in river waters is about twice the equilibrium value for232Th/238U (3.8). In the brackish waters,230Th/232Th is greater by a factor of 10-100 than both river water and SW. The big increase in230Th/232Th in the Baltic Sea waters over the riverine input indicates that the Th isotopes enter the estuary as a mixture of two carrier phases. We infer that about 96% of232Th in river water is carried by detrital particles, whereas the other phase (solution, colloidal) has a much higher232Th/232Th. Entering the estuary, the detrital particles sediment out rapidly, whereas the non-detrital phase is removed more slowly, causing a marked increase in230Th/232Th in the brackish water. In SW,230Th/232Th is closer to river input and detrital material than in brackish water. We conclude that in the deep sea,232Th is almost exclusively dominated by windblown dust and can be used to monitor dust flux. The230Th excess in Baltic rivers is produced in U-rich,232Th-poor peatlands and trapped in authigenic particles and transported with the particles. Time scales for producing the230Th excess are ≈ 2000-8000 yr. This is younger than, but comparable to, the time of the latest deglaciation, which ended some 9000 yr ago when the mires were forming. These results have implications for the possible mobility of actinides stored in repositories.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Chen, Cheng, et al.
(författare)
-
Power Quality Knowledge Application for Low Voltage Ride Through Studies of Wind Turbine Generator
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe). - : IEEE.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low voltage ride through (LVRT) of wind turbines is an important grid integration issue and the subject of many studies. However, in many such studies, the voltage dip waveforms used to test the performance of LVRT methods are not the one that can occur at the terminal of a wind turbine in reality. This paper provides a critical review of existing works and summarizes the power quality knowledge needed to study LVRT. Characteristics of voltage dips at the terminals of a wind turbine generator (WTG) will be analyzed based on realistic wind farm topology and transformer winding configuration. The impact of collection system transformer winding configuration on low voltage ride through of DFIG is revealed for the first time. Also, the impact of phase angle jump (PAJ) is shown in simulation. The changes of PAJ and point on wave (POW) characteristics in propagation between point of common connection (PCC) and terminal are analyzed to inspire further works. These issues are important but widely neglected by current works.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Chen, H., et al.
(författare)
-
Enhancing Artificial Lighting Source's Reliability in Public Libraries : Insights into Failure Analysis and Fault Diagnosis
- 2024
-
Ingår i: 2024 IEEE International Conference on Prognostics and Health Management, ICPHM 2024. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9798350374476 ; , s. 231-238
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the advancements in artificial lighting technology, such as LEDs, a gap persists between expected and actual performance outcomes, attributed to conventional reliability evaluation methods that inadequately mirror real-world operational conditions. This study explores the crucial roles of failure analysis and fault diagnosis in improving lighting source reliability. It reveals a focus on LED lighting failure analysis based on test data, highlighting a disconnect from operational fault diagnosis. By detailing fault types and diagnostic tools, the study proposes a practical fault diagnosis framework. This framework aims to enhance lighting reliability by incorporating diagnostic insights back into the design and manufacturing stages, creating a closed-loop system between failure analysis and fault diagnosis. This approach bridges the gap between theory and practice, advancing lighting reliability in public libraries. However, the insights into failure analysis and fault diagnosis can be applied to other scenarios.
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
