| 1. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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A Ternary Model of Personality: Temperament, Character, and Identity
- 2020
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Ingår i: Statistical Semantics - Methods and Applications. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030372491 - 9783030372507
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human beings are definitely storytellers capable of travel back and forward in time. We not only construct stories about ourselves, but also share these with others (McAdams and McLean 2013). We construct and internalize an evolving and integrative story for life, that is, a narrative identity (Singer 2004). However, the life story is just one of three layers of personality that are in a dynamical complex interaction, the other two being temperamental dispositions and goals and values (McAdams and Manczak 2011) or what Cloninger (2004) defines as temperament and character. The use of language, that is, words and their meaning or semantic content, to understand a person’s identity is definitely not new. On basis of the psycholexical hypothesis, for example, relevant and prominent features of personality are encoded in natural language (John et al. 1988), thus, individual differences are manifested in single words that people use to describe their own concept of the self or identity (cf. Boyd and Pennebaker 2017; McAdams 2008; Gazzaniga 2011; Koltko-Rivera 2004). However, although some models of personality, such as the Big Five, stem from natural person-descriptive language, the original clustering of the person-descriptive words used to develop these lexical models was conducted by a relatively small number of researchers who lacked the technical programs available today to handle large amounts of text (Leising et al. 2014; see also Garcia et al. 2015a). In addition, these approaches involved, to a larger degree, only one layer of personality for clustering the person- descriptive words, namely, temperamental dispositions (cf. Gunderson et al. 1999). Here, as a first step, we present a new approach to analyze the way people describe themselves and use Cloninger’s biopsychosocial theory to interpret our results.
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| 2. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Cooperativeness
- 2017
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Ingår i: V. Zeigler-Hill & T. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences.. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319280998
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cooperativeness (concept of relations with others) is one of the three aspects of human character in Cloninger’s biopsychosociospiritual model of personality (Cloninger, Svrakic & Przybeck, 1993). This character trait is a measure of how well people get along with others, that is, tolerance, helpfulness, empathy, compassion, and social principles (Cloninger, 2004).
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| 3. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Personality and the Brain: Person-Centered Approaches
- 2019
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Ingår i: Personality and Brain Disorders: Associations and Interventions. - Cham, Switzerland : Springer. - 9783319900650 ; , s. 3-24
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human personality has been defined as the dynamic organization, within an individual, of psychobiological systems that modulate adaptation to a changing environment (Cloninger, Svrakic, & Przybeck, 1993). In this Chapter, we briefly outline the ancestral lineage of human beings as five major transitions and then describe how human personality has evolved through three major systems of learning and memory in a long series of steps through evolution. The first one is the procedural system, which regulates different emotional responses such as anger, fear, disgust, and ambition, that is, the temperament dimensions of personality. The second system, the propositional system, is present in primates and helps the individual to be self-directed and cooperative in a social environment. The third system, the episodic system, exists only among humans and stands for humans’ capacity for self-awareness, which allows introspection and recollection of autobiographical memories. The second and third systems are responsible for the presence the character dimensions of personality, which can be defined as individual differences in values, goals and self-conscious emotions (e.g., hope, love, and faith). Importantly, character regulates the expression of temperament predispositions, so character is the regulator of well-being regardless of underlying temperament. But the person needs to learn to know and understand her whole being (i.e., temperament and character) to integrate them in order to promote resilience and well-being. Thus, we also present the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and also discuss how interactions between traits within the individual serve as a good description, measurement and base for dialogue in person-centered approaches.
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| 4. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Self-directedness
- 2017
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Ingår i: V. Zeigler-Hill & T. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences.. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319280998
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Self-directedness (self-concept) is one of the three aspects of human character in Cloninger’s biopsychosociospiritual model of personality (Cloninger, Svrakic & Przybeck, 1993). This character trait involves a person’s sense of responsibility, hopeful purpose, self-acceptance, self-actualization, and resourcefulness (Cloninger, 2004).
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| 5. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Self-transcendence
- 2017
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Ingår i: V. Zeigler-Hill & T. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences.. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319280998
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Self-transcendence (concept of our participation in the world as a whole) is one of the three aspects of human character in Cloninger’s biopsychosociospiritual model of personality (Cloninger, Svrakic & Przybeck, 1993). This character trait is a measure of how well people identify themselves as an integral part of the universe as a whole and their experience of something elevated that goes beyond ourselves, that is, self-forgetfulness, transpersonal identification, spiritual acceptance, contemplation, idealism (Cloninger, 2004).
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| 6. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI)
- 2017
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Ingår i: V. Zeigler-Hill & T. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences.. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319280998
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) is an instrument for personality assessment that was developed by C. Robert Cloninger to provide a comprehensive biopsychosocial model of personality as it develops within individuals (Cloninger, Svrakic & Przybeck, 1993). It deconstructs personality into seven dimensions that vary widely in the general population, rather than focusing only on pathology or abnormal traits (Cloninger, 2004). Nevertheless, it was designed to be equally applicable to clinical populations without being stigmatizing or pathologizing. The TCI is based on a biopsychosocial model of complex interactions among genetic, psychological, social, cultural, and spiritual constructs, rather than assuming that personality can be decomposed into independent dimensions (Cloninger & Cloninger, 2011; Cloninger & Garcia, 2015).
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| 7. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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The Future of Personality Research and Applications: Some Latest Findings
- 2019
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Ingår i: Personality and Brain Disorders: Associations and Interventions. - Cham, Switzerland : Springer. - 9783319900650 ; , s. 283-297
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human personality, although highly complex, is crucial to understand because it is the strongest predictor of our physical, mental, and social health as well as the actual cause of most mortality and chronic disease. However, despite the fact that earlier twin studies have found that the differences between people in personality are about 50% heritable, until recently only about 1% of this heritability has been explained by specific genes. Here we briefly outline current notions about the genetics of personality and also describe recent research that used novel and innovative person-centered methods to identify nearly all the genes for human personality. This international collaboration among 27 investigators at multiple sites comprised data from the Young Finns Study in Finland with independent replications in Germany and Korea (Zwir et al., 2018ab). In short, these results now make it possible to understand the basic mechanisms that influence our emotions as well as the way we can self-regulate our feelings, goals, and values in order to live healthy and satisfying lives. Thus, providing a foundation for a thorough understanding of the complex molecular and brain processes that regulate human health and well-being. In this line, we also present preliminary results of a recent pilot study, in which interventions targeting character development among Swedish young adults suggest improvements in well-being after six-months of Well-Being Coaching. Importantly, it is argued that character regulates the expression of temperament predispositions, so character is the regulator of well-being regardless of underlying temperament. But since as humans we are body, mind, and psyche at once (i.e., biopsychosocial in nature), the person needs to learn to know and understand her temperament and her character to integrate them in order to adapt intelligently to who she is and the changing circumstances in the world around her.
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| 8. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Affectivity in Bulgaria: Differences in Life Satisfaction, Temperament, and Character
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Affective Profiles Model - 20 Years of Research and Beyond. - Cham : Springer. ; , s. 127-143
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The affective profiles model allows the comparison between diametrically different individuals, but also the comparison within individuals who differ in one affectivity dimension but that are similar in the other. This line of research indicates that individuals with different affective profiles regulate their emotions in distinct ways in order to adapt their stress levels and achieve greater subjective well-being. Nevertheless, even if some studies among North Americans and Swedes suggest that personality may play a key role in this process, the mechanism behind self-regulation within each profile is still poorly understood. Aims: We investigated differences in life satisfaction and personality traits (temperament and character) between individuals with distinct affective profiles in a population of Bulgarian adults. Method: The sample (see Angelova, Psychol Thought 13:127–145, 2020; Garcia et al., PeerJ 10:e13956, 2022) consisted of 443 individuals from Bulgaria (68.70% females) with a mean age of 34 years (SD = 15.05). Participants self-reported affect (Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule), personality (Temperament and Character Inventory), and life satisfaction (Satisfaction with Life Scale). Self-reported affect was used for affectivity profiling: self-fulfilling (high/low positive/negative affect), high affective (high/high positive/negative affect), low affective (low/low positive/negative affect), and self-destructive (low/high positive/negative affect). We conducted both variable-oriented (e.g., linear correlations, t-tests between diametrically different profiles) and person-oriented analysis (matched t-tests between profiles that differed in one affect dimension and were similar in the other). Results: Positive affect was positively related to Persistence, Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness, Self-Transcendence, and life satisfaction (r between 0.27 to 0.56), but negatively to Harm Avoidance (r = −0.40). Conversely, negative affect was negatively related to Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness, and life satisfaction (r between −0.25 to −0.47), but positive to Harm Avoidance (r = 0.42). The diametrical comparisons indicated that individuals with a self-fulfilling profile, compared to those with a self-destructive profile, reported lower scores in Harm Avoidance and higher scores in Reward Dependence, Persistence, Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness, Self-Transcendence, and life satisfaction. Additionally, individuals with a high affective profile, compared to individuals with a low affective profile, reported higher scores in Persistence, Self-Transcendence, and life satisfaction. The person-oriented analyses, however, showed that high positive affect was positively associated high Reward Dependence and Cooperativeness only when negative affect was high (high affective vs. self-destructive) and that high negative affect was negatively associated with Cooperativeness and positively associated with Self-Transcendence only when positive affect was low (self-destructive vs. low affective). Finally, life satisfaction was related to different personality traits for individuals with distinct profiles, the common denominator being high Self-Directedness. Conclusions: Besides replicating past studies regarding the relationship between personality and life satisfaction and affect, our study mapped the personality of individuals with different affective profiles throughout person-oriented analyses. This allowed us to understand more deeply the mechanisms behind self-regulation among individuals with distinct profiles. The development of some personality traits might influence a person’s affective profile only under certain conditions or only in conjunction with the development of character traits.
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