| 1. |
- Andersson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Anger and disgust shape judgments of social sanctions across cultures, especially in high individual autonomy societies
- 2024
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Research. - 2045-2322. ; 14:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When someone violates a social norm, others may think that some sanction would be appropriate. We examine how the experience of emotions like anger and disgust relate to the judged appropriateness of sanctions, in a pre-registered analysis of data from a large-scale study in 56 societies. Across the world, we find that individuals who experience anger and disgust over a norm violation are more likely to endorse confrontation, ostracism and, to a smaller extent, gossip. Moreover, we find that the experience of anger is consistently the strongest predictor of judgments of confrontation, compared to other emotions. Although the link between state-based emotions and judgments may seem universal, its strength varies across countries. Aligned with theoretical predictions, this link is stronger in societies, and among individuals, that place higher value on individual autonomy. Thus, autonomy values may increase the role that emotions play in guiding judgments of social sanctions.
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| 2. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, et al.
(författare)
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Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Nature Research. - 2041-1723. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate. Little is known about peoples preferred responses to norm violations across countries. Here, in a study of 57 countries, the authors highlight cultural similarities and differences in peoples perception of the appropriateness of norm violations.
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| 3. |
- Acuña, G. J., et al.
(författare)
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Teaching about complementarity - proposal of classes for university students - including exercises
- 2022
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Ingår i: Complementarity of Variable Renewable Energy Sources. - : Elsevier. - 9780323855273 - 9780323855280 ; , s. 687-713
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The idea behind this chapter is to provide teachers and students with material that can be used while studying renewable energy sources with special attention paid to their complementary characteristics. The questions and exercises included below refer to chapters presented in the book. In case of any questions, we provide the readers with contact details to chapters corresponding authors who would be happy in assisting you in case of any queries.
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| 4. |
- Walusimbi, S., et al.
(författare)
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Cost-effectiveness analysis of microscopic observation drug susceptibility test versus Xpert MTB/Rif test for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV patients in Uganda
- 2016
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Ingår i: BMC Health Services Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1472-6963. ; 16:1, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility (MODS) and Xpert MTB/Rif (Xpert) are highly sensitive tests for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). This study evaluated the cost effectiveness of utilizing MODS versus Xpert for diagnosis of active pulmonary TB in HIV infected patients in Uganda. Methods: A decision analysis model comparing MODS versus Xpert for TB diagnosis was used. Costs were estimated by measuring and valuing relevant resources required to perform the MODS and Xpert tests. Diagnostic accuracy data of the tests were obtained from systematic reviews involving HIV infected patients. We calculated base values for unit costs and varied several assumptions to obtain the range estimates. Cost effectiveness was expressed as costs per TB patient diagnosed for each of the two diagnostic strategies. Base case analysis was performed using the base estimates for unit cost and diagnostic accuracy of the tests. Sensitivity analysis was performed using a range of value estimates for resources, prevalence, number of tests and diagnostic accuracy. Results: The unit cost of MODS was US$ 6.53 versus US$ 12.41 of Xpert. Consumables accounted for 59 % (US$ 3.84 of 6.53) of the unit cost for MODS and 84 % (US$10.37 of 12.41) of the unit cost for Xpert. The cost effectiveness ratio of the algorithm using MODS was US$ 34 per TB patient diagnosed compared to US$ 71 of the algorithm using Xpert. The algorithm using MODS was more cost-effective compared to the algorithm using Xpert for a wide range of different values of accuracy, cost and TB prevalence. The cost (threshold value), where the algorithm using Xpert was optimal over the algorithm using MODS was US$ 5.92. Conclusions: MODS versus Xpert was more cost-effective for the diagnosis of PTB among HIV patients in our setting. Efforts to scale-up MODS therefore need to be explored. However, since other non-economic factors may still favour the use of Xpert, the current cost of the Xpert cartridge still needs to be reduced further by more than half, in order to make it economically competitive with MODS.
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| 5. |
- Silva-Costa, Aline, et al.
(författare)
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Lifetime night work exposure and the risk of type 2 diabetes : results from the longitudinal study of adult health (ELSA-Brasil)
- 2020
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Ingår i: Chronobiology International. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0742-0528 .- 1525-6073. ; 37:9-10, s. 1344-1347
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this research project was to test the effects of lifetime night work exposure on type 2 diabetes (T2DM) risk. The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) is a prospective cohort study of chronic conditions, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The participants (N = 15105) were recruited (2008–2010) at five public universities and one research institute in six cities in Brazil. Participants from the first wave (2008–2010) were followed up for a mean of 3.8 years. Current analyses comprise 4671 women and 3965 men. Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated using Cox regression models. Crude T2DM incidence rates were 2.26 and 1.44 per 100 person-years, respectively, for women and men who reported ≥ 10 years’ working nights. In women, ≥ 10 years of night work was associated with a higher risk of T2DM (HR 1.46 [95% CI: 1.03; 2.08]), after adjusting for age, education, work hours, and BMI. The additional adjustment for physical activity attenuated the association (HR 1.36 [95% CI: 0.94; 1.96]). In men, the results were not statistically significant (HR = 0.65 [95% CI: 0.40; 1.07]). The findings indicate the effects of lifetime night work on T2DM incidence seem to be greater among women than men.
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