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- Bixby, H., et al.
(författare)
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Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 569:7755, s. 260-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.
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- Lind, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
- 2021
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Ingår i: eLife. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.
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- Tao, W., et al.
(författare)
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Reliability characterisation of bi-modal high temperature stable Isotropic Conductive Adhesives
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 2010 11th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology and High Density Packaging, ICEPT-HDP 2010, Xian, 16-19 August 2010. - 9781424481422 ; :Article number 5582437, s. 225-228
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conductive adhesives are generally considered to be one of the strongest candidates for replacement of solder in electronics industry. However, some problems related to the performance have so far limited wider applications of conductive adhesives. One of the major problems is tendency to degrade during temperature and humidity aging. In this paper, two kinds of Isotropic Conductive Adhesives (ICA) with high temperature stable matrix and different fillers were fabricated. The first one was fabricated by simply adding silver flakes into matrix as filler using this high temperature stable matrix based on highly cross-linked aromatic functional groups. For the second one, in addition to silver flakes, nanosilver particles with different weight percentages were also added as filler into matrix to form a bi-modal ICA. The weight percentages of nano-silver particles in filler are 1wt%, 2wt% and 3wt% respectively. The filler content of these two ICAs are both 75wt% in total. All test samples were cured at 150°for 1 hour. The random distribution of the silver flakes in the adhesive was observed by SEM. The bulk resistivity of the ICAs with different fillers was investigated to characterize the electrical conductivity of the ICA. The results show that addition of small amount of nano-silver particles improve the electric conductivity of the ICA but the excessive amount of nano-silver particles led to the increase of the ICA's bulk resistivity. The humidity (85°/85RH) test was carried out and the resistances of the samples were measured. It was shown that some electrical resistance increase was observed during the humidity testing with time. The addition of the nano-particles has also some negative effect of the electrical resistance change. But the effect is limited in a few percentage range of the nano-particle addition.
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