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- Patterson, Nick, et al.
(författare)
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Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; , s. 588-594
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Present-day people from England and Wales harbour more ancestry derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) than people of the Early Bronze Age1. To understand this, we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to Late Bronze and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and Western and Central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of Iron Age people of England and Wales, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange2-6. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and Britain's independent genetic trajectory is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to ~50% by this time compared to ~7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period.
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- Yacoub, A., et al.
(författare)
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The rapid molecular subtyping and pathotyping of avian influenza viruses
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Virological Methods. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-0934 .- 1879-0984. ; 156:1-2, s. 157-161
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Highly conserved nucleotide stretches flanking the cleavage site of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza type A viruses were utilised for generating PCR amplicons from a broad range of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in a one-step real-time SYBR Green RT-PCR assay. The nucleotide sequencing of the amplified PCR products simultaneously reveals both the HA subtype and the pathotype of the AIV isolates, as we demonstrated in case of H5 subtype viruses. The specificity of the assay was confirmed by investigating 66 strains of AIV and nine heterologous pathogens, including influenza B, C and various avian pathogenic viruses. This assay enables a general HA subtype identification and pathotype determination of AIV isolates providing a useful alternative tool for avian influenza diagnosis.
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- Zohari, Siamak, et al.
(författare)
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Phylogenetic analysis of the non-structural (NS) gene of influenza A viruses isolated from mallards in Northern Europe in 2005
- 2008
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Ingår i: Virology Journal. - 1743-422X. ; 5:Article ID: 147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Although the important role of the non-structural 1 (NS) gene of influenza A in virulence of the virus is well established, our knowledge about the extent of variation in the NS gene pool of influenza A viruses in their natural reservoirs in Europe is incomplete. In this study we determined the subtypes and prevalence of influenza A viruses present in mallards in Northern Europe and further analysed the NS gene of these isolates in order to obtain a more detailed knowledge about the genetic variation of NS gene of influenza A virus in their natural hosts. Results: A total number of 45 influenza A viruses of different subtypes were studied. Eleven haemagglutinin-and nine neuraminidase subtypes in twelve combinations were found among the isolated viruses. Each NS gene reported here consisted of 890 nucleotides; there were no deletions or insertions. Phylogenetic analysis clearly shows that two distinct gene pools, corresponding to both NS allele A and B, were present at the same time in the same geographic location in the mallard populations in Northern Europe. A comparison of nucleotide sequences of isolated viruses revealed a substantial number of silent mutations, which results in high degree of homology in amino acid sequences. The degree of variation within the alleles is very low. In our study allele A viruses displays a maximum of 5% amino acid divergence while allele B viruses display only 2% amino acid divergence. All the viruses isolated from mallards in Northern Europe possessed the typical avian ESEV amino acid sequence at the C-terminal end of the NSI protein. Conclusion: Our finding indicates the existence of a large reservoir of different influenza A viruses in mallards population in Northern Europe. Although our phylogenetic analysis clearly shows that two distinct gene pools, corresponding to both NS allele A and B, were present in the mallards populations in Northern Europe, allele B viruses appear to be less common in natural host species than allele A, comprising only about 13% of the isolates sequenced in this study.
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- Zohari, Siamak, et al.
(författare)
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Serologic and virologic screening of paramyxovirus type 1 and avian influenza virus (H5∓mp;H7) in wild migratory birds in Sweden (preliminary study)
- 2001
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the joint seventh annual meetings of the national Newcastle disease and avian influenza laboratories of countries of the European Union.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Following outbreaks of Newcastle disease in 1995 and 1997 in Sweden, and anoutbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in Northern Italy during thewinter of 1999/2000 a study was initiated to evaluate the presence of paramyxovirustype 1 (PMV-1) and avian influenza viruses (H5&H7) (AIV) in the wild avifauna inSweden.Materials and MethodsThe study was performed during the spring of 2000. In total, 150 serum samples and120 cloacal swabs were obtained from 53 migrating bird species (orders Anseriformes,Charadriiformes, Columbiformes, Strigiformes, Piciformes and Passerinformes) (Table1) at Ottenby Bird Station on southern Öland (an island in the Baltic off the south-eastcoast of Sweden). The swabs were obtained from the same, but not all, individual birdsas the serum samples. The bird species were selected based on their winter habitat, inorder to sample migratory birds which were likely to have either spent the previouswinter in Italy or visited Italy while migrating northwards. Additionally, cloacal swabsfrom Anseriformes in southern Sweden will be analysed during the spring of 2001.The serum samples were tested by hemagglutination-inhibition test for the presence ofantibodies to AIV, and by a blocking ELISA (SVANOVIR Svanova Biotech,Uppsala, Sweden) for antibodies to PMV-1. All cloacal swabs were cultured accordingto Council directive 92/66/EEC and 92/40/EEC. Following each of the three passagesthe allantoic fluid was tested for hemagglutinating (HA) virus.ResultsOne serum sample from a Ringed Plover (Charadrius hiaticula) showed a low titer(1:16) against AIV (H5). None of the serum samples were positive for PMV-1, howeverthree Ringed Plovers showed PI-values of 40%. No cloacal swabs were available fromthese four birds. No viruses were isolated from any of the cloacal swabs.
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