| 1. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 2. |
- Li, Guozhen, et al.
(författare)
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A review of factors affecting the efficiency of clean-in-place procedures in closed processing systems
- 2019
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 178, s. 57-71
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reviews the current state of researches on improvement of Clean-In-Place (CIP) procedures in closed processing system thus saving energy, with a special attention paid to the hydrodynamic effects of cleaning fluid and the numerical and experimental approaches to investigate the identified controlling factors. The paper discussed the fouling problems of processing plants and the importance of sufficient CIP procedures, the forces contributing to cleaning with a special focus on the hydrodynamic effects. In general, it is possible to enhance hydrodynamic removal forces by local introduction of, among others, high wall shear stress and fluctuation rate of wall shear stress without consuming more energy. A theoretical model of particle removal in flow was also reviewed which supports the factors identified. The paper therefore further reviewed and compared the current state of modelling and experimental techniques on CIP improvement. To simulation the CIP process, it is necessary to consider 3D time-resolved Large Eddy Simulation with a Hybrid RANS-LES WMLES as Sub-Grid-Scale model because it captures both the mean and fluctuation rate of flow variables, while affordable for industrial flows. The wall shear stress measurement techniques and cleanablity test methods were also discussed and suggested.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Li, G., et al.
(författare)
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Factors affecting greenhouse microclimate and its regulating techniques : a review
- 2018
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Ingår i: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. - : IOP Publishing.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reviews factors affecting greenhouse microclimate and its regulating techniques towards upgrading the greenhouse applications in the area of southeast China which have little or very basic technology integration. The microclimate of greenhouse is apparently influenced by the shape and its orientation, the wind direction, the property of covering material, and the use of insect-proof screen as they eventually affect the total solar radiation, the thermal characterises, and the flow pattern inside. The natural ventilation and sun block are the most common method to cool the greenhouse, but more efficient evaporative cooling such as pad-fan system, misting/fogging system and roof sprinkler are required with extreme temperatures. The earth to air heat exchanger and the heat storage using phase change material may be used for heating or cooling throughout the year which are more economic and energy-saving than other traditional thermal technologies. The reviewed knowledge provides insights into upgrading greenhouse applications in Ningbo area towards more sustainable and efficient greenhouse farming.
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| 5. |
- Li, G, et al.
(författare)
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Numerical and experimental investigations on improving the efficiency of Clean-In-Place procedures in closed processing systems: A review
- 2017
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reviews the recent numerical and experimental investigations on improving the efficiency of Clean-In-Place procedures thus saving operation energy. The paper covers the fouling of equipment surfaces, the concept of CIP and its operation practices, the physical factors controlling the efficiency of CIP procedures with a special attention being paid to the hydrodynamic force of the cleaning fluids. The studies show that CIP efficiency dependents on many factors, such as the type of soil to be removed, the cleaning time, the temperature of cleaning agent, and the favourable hydrodynamic force of the moving liquid. Among the hydrodynamic factors, the wall shear stress and its fluctuation rate reported to be the dominating factor for cleaning straight circular pipes. Whilst for cleaning of more complex geometries and areas difficult to clean, the controlling factor may also include the flow pattern, flow exchange, flow turbulence, and the property of the recirculation zone.
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