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- LI, Chao, et al.
(författare)
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Applications and Developments of Anaerobic Technology in China
- 2015
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Ingår i: Anaerobic Biotechnology: Environmental Protection and Resource Recovery. - : IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS. - 9781783267927 - 9781783267903 ; , s. 297-335
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Chinese government has been promoting the anaerobic treatment technology not only for pollution control but also for bioenergy recovery. Millions of decentralized anaerobic digesters have been built using animal manure and crop stalk as feedstock to improve the sanitary conditions and to produce biogas for heating and lighting for farmers and rural communities. Also, there are 22,570 medium to large sized anaerobic projects built for centralized animal manure treatment. In addition, over 2,000 medium to large anaerobic systems have been installed since 2000s for the treatment of industrial wastewaters including alcohol, starch, pulp and paper using technologies such as CSTR, UASB, EGSB, IC, etc. Overall, more than 25,100 medium to large sized anaerobic systems are now in operation in rural China, producing annually 7.5x109 m3 of biogas. Based on Chinese government’s 12th Five-Year Plan, biogas output will reach 21x109 m3 by 2020 from treatment of industrial wastewater, poultry wastes, municipal wastes and wastewater sludge; this amount will double by 2050. This Chapter is to summarize the development of anaerobic technology in China in the countryside as well as in industrial wastewater treatment. A number of case studies are present.
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| 3. |
- Ryde, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Computational Studies of Molybdenum and Tungsten Enzymes
- 2016. - 7
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Ingår i: Molybdenum and Tungsten Enzymes: Spectroscopic and Theoretical Investigations. - Cambridge : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2045-547X. - 9781782628781 - 9781782628842 ; 2017-January:7, s. 275-321
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We review computational studies of three important mono-nuclear molybdenum oxo-transfer enzymes, dimethylsulfoxide reductase, sulfite oxidase and xanthine oxidase. We show that calculated energies for these reactions are very sensitive to details in the calculations, in particular to the density-functional method employed and the size of the basis set, but the treatment of dispersion and solvation effects is also crucial, as well as the definition of the reference state. We point out problems with standard quantum-mechanical (QM) cluster calculations, regarding the selection of the QM system and atomic coordinate constraints. Combined QM and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods also have important problems, which can be solved by calculations with very large QM systems (400-1000 atoms). Many studies have been published that reproduce experimentally measured activation energies, but for the wrong reason. We also compare the properties of molybdenum and tungsten and discuss why the active sites of the three families of molybdenum oxo-transfer enzymes are so different.
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