| 1. |
- Calosi, Piero, et al.
(författare)
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Will Life find a Way? Evolution of Marine Species Under Global Change
- 2016
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Ingår i: Evolutionary Applications. - : Wiley. - 1752-4571. ; 9:9, s. 1035-1042
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Projections of marine biodiversity and implementation of effective actions for its maintenance in face of current rapid global environmental change are constrained by our limited understanding of species’ adaptive responses, including, transgenerational plasticity, epigenetics, natural selection. This special issue presents 13 novel studies, which employ experimental and modeling approaches to: (1) Investigate plastic and evolutionary responses of marine species to major global change drivers; (2) ask relevant broad eco-evolutionary questions, implementing well-designed multiple species and populations studies; (3) show the advantages of using advanced experimental designs and tools; (4) construct novel model organisms for marine evolution; (5) help identifying future challenges for the field, and (6) highlight the importance of incorporating existing evolutionary theory into management solutions for the marine realm. What emerges is that at least some populations of marine species are able to adapt to future global change conditions. However, marine organisms’ capacity for adaptation appears finite, due to evolutionary trade-offs and possible rapid losses in genetic diversity. This further corroborate the idea that acquiring an evolutionary perspective on how marine life will respond to the selective pressure of future global changes will guide us in better identifying which conservation efforts will be most needed, and most effective.
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| 2. |
- De Wit, Pierre, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Selection on oxidative phosphorylation and ribosomal structure as a multigenerational response to ocean acidification in the common copepod Pseudocalanus acuspes
- 2016
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Ingår i: Evolutionary Applications. - : Wiley. - 1752-4571. ; 9:9, s. 1112-1223
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ocean acidification is expected to have dramatic impacts on oceanic ecosystems, yet surprisingly few studies currently examine long-term adaptive and plastic responses of marine invertebrates to pCO2 stress. Here, we exposed populations of the common copepod Pseudocalanus acuspes to three pCO2 regimes (400, 900 and 1550 μatm) for two generations, after which we conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment. A de novo transcriptome was assembled, annotated, and gene expression data revealed that genes involved in RNA transcription were strongly down-regulated in populations with long-term exposure to a high pCO2 environment, even after transplantation back to control levels. In addition, 747,000 SNPs were identified, out of which 1513 showed consistent changes in nucleotide frequency between replicates of control and high pCO2 populations. Functions involving RNA transcription and ribosomal function, as well as ion transport and oxidative phosphorylation were highly overrepresented. We thus conclude that pCO2 stress appears to impose selection in copepods on RNA synthesis and translation, possibly modulated by helicase expression. Using a physiological hypothesis-testing strategy to mine gene expression data, we herein increase the power to detect cellular targets of ocean acidification. This novel approach seems promising for future studies of effects of environmental changes in ecologically important non- model organisms.
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| 3. |
- Fitzer, Susan, et al.
(författare)
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Established and emerging techniques for characterising the formation, structure and performance of calcified structures under ocean acidification
- 2019
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Ingår i: Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 57. - Boca Raton, FL, USA : CRC Press. - 0078-3218. - 9780367134150 ; , s. 89-126
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ocean acidification (OA) is the decline in seawater pH and saturation levels of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals that has led to concerns for calcifying organisms such as corals, oysters and mussels because of the adverse effects of OA on their biomineralisation, shells and skeletons. A range of cellular biology, geochemistry and materials science approaches have been used to explore biomineralisation. These techniques have revealed that responses to seawater acidification can be highly variable among species, yet the underlying mechanisms remain largely unresolved. To assess the impacts of global OA, researchers will need to apply a range of tools developed across disciplines, many of which are emerging and have not yet been used in this context. This review outlines techniques that could be applied to study OA-induced alterations in the mechanisms of biomineralisation and their ultimate effects on shells and skeletons. We illustrate how to characterise, quantify and monitor the process of biomineralisation in the context of global climate change and OA. We highlight the basic principles, as well as the advantages and disadvantages, of established, emerging and future techniques for OA researchers. A combination of these techniques will enable a holistic approach and better understanding of the potential impact of OA on biomineralisation and its consequences for marine calcifiers and associated ecosystems.
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| 4. |
- Thor, Peter, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Contrasting physiological responses to future ocean acidification among Arctic copepod populations : Contrasting responses to ocean acidification
- 2018
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 24:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Widespread ocean acidification (OA) is modifying the chemistry of the global ocean, and the Arctic is recognised as the region where the changes will progress at the fastest rate. Moreover, Arctic species show lower capacity for cellular homeostasis and acid-base regulation rendering them particularly vulnerable to OA. In the present study, we found physiological differences in OA response across geographically separated populations of the keystone Arctic copepod Calanus glacialis. In copepodite stage CIV, measured reaction norms of ingestion rate and metabolic rate showed severe reductions in ingestion and increased metabolic expenses in two populations from Svalbard (Kongsfjord and Billefjord) whereas no effects were observed in a population from the Disko Bay, West Greenland. At pHT 7.87, which has been predicted for the Svalbard west coast by year 2100, these changes resulted in reductions in scope for growth of 19% in the Kongsfjord and a staggering 50% in the Billefjord. Interestingly, these effects were not observed in stage CV copepodites from any of the three locations. It seems that CVs may be more tolerant to OA perhaps due to a general physiological reorganisation to meet low intracellular pH during hibernation. Needless to say, the observed changes in the CIV stage will have serious implications for the C. glacialis population health status and growth around Svalbard. However, OA tolerant populations such as the one in the Disko Bay could help to alleviate severe effects in C. glacialis as a species.
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