| 1. |
- Durevall, Dick, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Adult Mortality, AIDS, and Fertility in Rural Malawi
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Developing Economies. - : Wiley. - 0012-1533 .- 1746-1049. ; 54:3, s. 215-242
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The future course of fertility is a major determinant of economic development in many sub-Saharan countries, so understanding how HIV/AIDS affects childbearing is of great interest. We show that fertility responds negatively to female mortality and positively to male mortality and that the overall fertility response is small. The negative effect of female mortality is in line with earlier studies that only focus on women and their infection and mortality risks, while the finding of a positive effect of adult-male mortality is novel. One interpretation of this finding is that women who perceive a high risk of their husbands’ or grown-up sons’ deaths are likely to want to have more children to ensure future support.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Durevall, Dick, 1954
(författare)
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Cost pass-through in the Swedish coffee market
- 2018
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Ingår i: European Review of Agricultural Economics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0165-1587 .- 1464-3618. ; 45:4, s. 505-529
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cost pass-through to retail prices shows how changes in marginal costs are allocated between producers and consumers, and it is, therefore, closely related to market structure and competition. This paper uses Swedish data on coffee products at the barcode level to evaluate pass-through from the cost of green coffee beans, the main marginal cost, to the retail price of roasted and ground coffee. First long-run cost pass-through is estimated for each product, and then regression is used to analyse how pass-through varies across market shares, retailer-owned brands and other product characteristics. A general result is that pass-through is roughly complete for products with large market shares, while those with small market shares have low pass-through rates. There is no evidence that retailer-owned brands have higher pass-through than brand-name products with similar market shares, which would be the case if retailer-owned brands avoided double marginalisation through vertical integration. Thus, although there is not perfect competition in the Swedish coffee market, a large part of it appears to be highly competitive.
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| 4. |
- Durevall, Dick, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Education and HIV incidence among young women in KwaZulu-Natal: An association but no evidence of a causal protective effect
- 2019
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Ingår i: PloS one. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 14:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine the relationship between school attendance and HIV incidence among young women in South Africa. Our aim is to distinguish a causal effect from correlation. Towards this end, we apply three methods to population-based longitudinal data for 2005-2012 in KwaZulu-Natal. After establishing a negative association, we first use a method that assesses the influence of omitted variables. We then estimate models with exclusion restrictions to remove endogeneity bias, and finally we estimate models that control for unobserved factors that remain constant over time. All the three methods have strengths and weaknesses, but none of them suggests a causal effect. Thus, interventions that increase school attendance in KwaZulu-Natal would probably not mechanically reduce HIV risk for young women. Although the impact of school attendance could vary depending on context, unobserved variables are likely to be an important reason for the common finding of a negative association between school attendance and HIV incidence in the literature.
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| 5. |
- Durevall, Dick, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Importing High Food Prices by Exporting: Rice Prices in Lao PDR
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural Economics. - : Wiley. - 0021-857X .- 1477-9552. ; 68:1, s. 164-181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lao PDR has extensive export controls on its staple food, glutinous rice, which keep domestic prices low relative to international prices. Using price, harvest, and export data this paper analyses how glutinous rice prices in Laos PDR are related to those in its trading partners, Thailand and Vietnam. We find that rice prices in Lao PDR are more likely to rise following a good harvest year than a bad or a normal year. This is consistent with export controls being relaxed after good harvests, leading to an increase in exports early in the season and rising prices later as stocks are depleted. There is thus a case for removal of trade restrictions since they give rise to price spikes while keeping the long-term price of glutinous rice low, and thereby hinder increases in income from agriculture. However, since high rice prices are likely to affect the poor negatively in the short to medium term, a combination of an export tax and cash transfers is recommended during the transition period. Although this is a case study of Lao PDR, the findings may equally apply to other developing countries that export their staple food.
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| 6. |
- Durevall, Dick, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Intimate partner violence and HIV in ten sub-Saharan African countries: what do the Demographic and Health Surveys tell us?
- 2015
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Ingår i: The Lancet Global Health. - 2214-109X. ; 3:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Many studies have identified a significant positive relation between intimate partner violence and HIV in women, but adjusted analyses have produced inconsistent results. We systematically assessed the association, and under what condition it holds, using nationally representative data from ten sub-Saharan African countries, focusing on physical, sexual, and emotional violence, and on the role of male controlling behaviour. Methods We assessed cross-sectional data from 12 Demographic and Health Surveys from ten countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The data are nationally representative for women aged 15–49 years. We estimated odds ratios using logistic regression with and without controls for demographic and socioeconomic factors and survey–region fixed effects. Exposure was measured using physical, sexual, emotional violence, and male controlling behaviour, and combinations of these. The samples used were ever-married women, married women, and women in their first union. Depending on specification, the sample size varied between 11231 and 45550 women. Findings There were consistent and strong associations between HIV infection in women and physical violence, emotional violence, and male controlling behaviour (adjusted odds ratios ranged from 1·2 to 1·7; p values ranged from <0·0001 to 0·0058). The evidence for an association between sexual violence and HIV was weaker and only significant in the sample with women in their first union. The associations were dependent on the presence of controlling behaviour and a high regional HIV prevalence rate; when women were exposed to only physical, sexual, or emotional violence, and no controlling behaviour, or when HIV prevalence rates are lower than 5%, the adjusted odds ratios were, in general, close to 1 and insignificant. Interpretation The findings indicate that male controlling behaviour in its own right, or as an indicator of ongoing or severe violence, puts women at risk of HIV infection. HIV prevention interventions should focus on high-prevalence areas and men with controlling behaviour, in addition to violence. Funding Swedish National Science Foundation and Gothenburg Centre of Globalization and Development, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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| 7. |
- George, Gavin, et al.
(författare)
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Greater risk for more money: the economics of negotiating condom use amongst sex workers in South Africa
- 2019
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Ingår i: AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0954-0121 .- 1360-0451. ; 31:9, s. 1168-1171
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. The economics of sex work and the effect on safe sex practices remain understudied. This research contributes to a better understanding of how economic opportunity and vulnerability place sex workers (SWs) at an increased risk of STI infection. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, we investigated the role of economic incentives in determining condom use among SWs. The data reveals that SWs are on average, nearly doubling their rates for condomless sex. Our findings that SWs are engaging in condomless sex to increase their earnings, illustrates the point that the context in which they operate influences condom negotiation and consequently, increases risky sexual behaviour.
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| 8. |
- Govender, Kaymarlin, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of a Short Message Service(SMS) Intervention on Reduction of HIV Risk Behaviours and Improving HIV Testing RatesAmong Populationslocated near Roadside Wellness Clinics: A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Mozambique
- 2019
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Ingår i: AIDS and behavior. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-3254 .- 1090-7165. ; 23:11, s. 3119-3128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Short Message Service (SMS) offers an innovative method of promoting sexual health to key and vulnerable populations who are users of mobile phones and are at high risk of HIV infection. This cluster randomised control trial tests the effectiveness of a SMS intervention in reducing HIV risk behaviours and improving HIV testing behaviours among truck drivers, sex workers and community residents located near Roadside Wellness Clinics (RWCs)in three southern African countries. The SMS arm received 35 HIV risk reduction and HIV testing SMSs over a 6-month period. The SMS intervention had no significant impact on sexual risk behaviours. However, participants in the SMS arm were more likely to have tested for HIV in the previous 6 months (86.1% vs. 77.7%; AOR 1.71, 95% CI 1.11-2.66). The results indicate that the general SMS intervention, which provide health promoting information, improved HIV testing rates in key and vulnerable populations in southern Africa.
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| 9. |
- Lindskog, Annika, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Intimate Partner Violence and HIV Infection in sub-Saharan Africa
- 2015
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Ingår i: World Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0305-750X .- 1873-5991. ; 72, s. 27-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and HIV among married and cohabiting women in sub-Saharan Africa. We find a strong association, and that it is primarily due to higher HIV risk among violent men; neither women's decreased ability to protect themselves from HIV within marriage, nor their risky sexual behavior, explains the link. Thus, it is not violence per se that spreads HIV, but that violent men are more likely to become HIV positive and then infect their wives. Programs that aim at reducing HIV by eliminating IPV should therefore also focus on men's risky sexual behavior. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.
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