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Sökning: WFRF:(Ekbom Anders) > Övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt

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1.
  • Akpalu, Wisdom, 1968, et al. (författare)
  • Bio-economics of Conservation Agriculture and Soil Carbon Sequestration in Developing Countries
  • 2010
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Improvement in soil carbon through conservation agriculture in developing countries may generate some private benefits to farmers as well as sequester carbon emissions, which is a positive externality to society. Leaving crop residue on the farm has become an important option in conservation agriculture practice. However, in developing countries, using crop residue for conservation agriculture has the opportunity cost of say feed for livestock. In this paper, we model and develop an expression for an optimum economic incentive that is necessary to internalize the positive externality. A crude value of the tax is calculated using data from Kenya. We also empirically investigated the determinants of the crop residue left on the farm and found that it depends on cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil, the prices of maize, whether extension officers visit the plot or not, household size, the level of education of the household head and alternative cost of soil conservation.
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2.
  • Almqvist, Kerstin, et al. (författare)
  • Lyssna bättre på barnen som drabbas av familjevåld
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: DN Debatt, 2007-08-18.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Rädda Barnen och en rad experter slår larm: Socialtjänst och domstolar tar inte barnens rätt på tillräckligt stort allvar. När barn drabbas av våld och övergrepp i familjen bortser myndigheterna från barnens egna berättelser och upplevelser. Deras rätt till stöd och behandling fungerar inte i praktiken. Socialtjänst och domstolar tar inte sina arbetsuppgifter på tillräckligt stort allvar. Ansvariga myndigheter sätter vuxnas rättigheter före barnens och ser inte problemen ur de drabbades perspektiv. Det skriver en lång rad experter som arbetar med barn som utsatts för våld i familjen.
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3.
  • Baecklund, Eva, 1956- (författare)
  • Associations Between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Malignant Lymphomas
  • 2005
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at increased risk of developing malignant lymphoma, although details about this association remain unclear. The aims of this thesis were to investigate risk factors for lymphoma in patients with RA and to characterize these lymphomas regarding subtype, presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), clinical manifestations and prognosis.The Swedish hospital discharge register and the cancer register were used to identify RA patients with lymphoma. Two case-control studies were performed, one smaller including RA patients with lymphoma hospitalised in Uppsala health care region 1964-1983 (n=41) and one larger study of hospitalised RA patients with lymphoma in Sweden 1964-1995 (n=378). RA patients from the same cohorts, but without lymphoma, were matched as controls. Medical records for cases and controls were scrutinized for exposure information. The lymphoma tissues were reclassified according to the WHO classification, and presence of EBV was analysed by EBER in situ hybridisation.The most important risk factor for lymphoma development was high RA disease activity. No association was determined between treatment with traditional disease modifying drugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin, peroral and intra-articular corticosteroids and lymphoma risk. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was more frequent in RA patients than in lymphoma patients in the general population and displayed stronger association with RA disease activity than other lymphoma subtypes. RA patients with DLBCL had increased extranodal involvement and more advanced lymphoma stage at presentation than DLBCL patients in general, and the prognosis was poor.A further subdivision of DLBCL into germinal centre (GC) and non-GC subtypes by the expression patterns of CD10, bcl-6 and IRF-4 showed a predominance of the non-GC subtype. This suggested peripheral activated B-cells as the cells of origin in these lymphomas.The presence of EBV was low in lymphomas in RA patients (12%).
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7.
  • Ekbom, Anders, 1963 (författare)
  • Determinants of Soil Capital
  • 2009
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This paper combines knowledge from soil science and economics to estimate economic determinants of soil capital. Explaining soil capital facilitates a better understanding of constraints and opportunities for increased agricultural production and reduced land degradation. The study builds on an unusually rich data set that combines data on soil capital (represented by chemical and physical properties) and economic data on household characteristics, labour supply, crop allocation and conservation investments. The study yields both methodological and policy-relevant results. On methodology, the analysis shows that soil capital is heterogeneous with soil properties widely distributed across the farms. Likewise, farmers? investment decisions and soil management vary widely across farms. Hence simplifications of soil capital, which are common in the economics literature, may have limited validity. On the other hand, soil science research limited to soils? biological, physical and chemical characteristics fail to recognize that soil is capital owned and managed by farmers. They thus run the risk of omitting important socio-economic determinants of soil capital. They also exclude the possibility to explain some of the dynamics that are determined by its stock character. On policy, the study shows that farmers? soil conservation investments, allocation of labour, manure and fertilizer input, and crop choice indeed do determine variation in farmers? soil capital. Particularly strong positive effects on key soil nutrients (N,P,K) are observed for certain conservation technologies. Extension advice shows unexpectedly no significant effects on soil capital. The wide distribution of soil properties across farms reinforces the need to (i) tailor technical extension advice to the specific circumstances in each farm, and (ii) enhance the integration of farmers? knowledge and experiences, expert judgment and scientific soil analysis at the farm level.
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8.
  • Ekbom, Anders, 1963 (författare)
  • Economic Analysis of Soil Capital, Land Use and Agricultural Production in Kenya
  • 2007
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The purpose of this thesis is to investigate economic and natural science aspects of soil management and agricultural production in a developing country context. It does so by theoretical as well as empirical investigation, based on data from field surveys in Kenya’s central highlands over several years. The rationale for the thesis is the need to increase our understanding of the economics of soil capital, land use and agricultural production in order to design policies promoting sustainable development. The thesis includes papers on: optimal soil use with downstream externalities (Ch. 2); determinants of soil capital and agricultural production (Ch. 3; 4); links between farmers’ resource levels, soil properties and agricultural productivity (Ch. 5); and land use-change and determinants of rural-urban migration in Kenya (Ch. 6). Chapter 2 shows that farmers may need incentives (taxes, subsidies or charges) to induce them to reduce soil erosion and thereby downstream damages. Furthermore we find other factors (low discount rate, tenure security, access to credits, crop insurance) that promote accumulation of soil capital and reduce soil loss and nutrient leakage. Regression analyses in Chapter 3 show that farmers’ soil capital is not a given or fixed factor but depends on soil conservation investments, and the allocation of labour, crops, manure and fertilizer in agricultural production. The wide distribution of soil properties across farms indicates the need to tailor technical extension advice to farmers’ preferences and the farm-specific economic and agro-ecological circumstances, and enhance the use of integrated soil analysis, field assessment and detailed soil mapping at farm level. Regressions in Chapter 4 show that agricultural output is determined not only by farmers’ input of land, labour, manure and fertilizer, but also by the quality of soil conservation investments and farm-specific soil properties. Hence, integrating economics and soil science is highly worthwhile in this research area. Omitting soil capital measures can cause omitted variables bias since farmers’ choice of inputs depend both on the quality and status of the soil capital and on other economic conditions (e.g. availability and cost of labour, fertilizers and other inputs). Chapter 5 shows that: relatively richer farmers have higher crop yields; poorer farmers have lower soil nutrient levels; farms with gentle slope and high resource level have the highest land management rating. These results indicate that actions aimed at promoting higher yields and sustainable agriculture will have to differ depending on farmers’ endowment, and that agricultural policy advice needs to be adapted to farmers’ resource levels. Chapter 6 shows that farmers have changed their farming system considerably during the last 40 years: introduced new (cash) crops, increased tree cover, reduced terracing, diversified crops and income sources, and increased market orientation and temporary work in cities. The study emphasizes the need to improve extension advice, rural roads, supply of inputs, local ownership of public soil conservation investment programs, access to credits and output markets, and job opportunities for farmers during agricultural off-season e.g. work in local food processing industries.
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10.
  • Ekbom, Anders, 1963, et al. (författare)
  • Integrating Soil Science into Agricultural Production Frontiers
  • 2012
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This paper integrates soil science variables into an economic analysis of agricultural output among small-scale farmers in Kenya’s highlands. The integration is valuable because farmers’ choice of inputs depends on both the status of the soil and socio-economic conditions. The study uses a stochastic production frontier in which the individual farm’s distance to the frontier depends systematically on individual factors. We show the importance of including key soil properties and find that phosphorus has a negative output elasticity, suggesting that farms may be using the wrong fertilizer mix. Hence, the central policy implication is that while fertilizers are generally beneficial, their application needs to be based on better soil information. This highlights the importance of strengthening agricultural extension, increased access to markets, and more diversified supply of production inputs.
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