| 1. |
- Birgier, Debora Pricila, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Movers and Stayers: A Study of Emigration from Sweden 1993–2014
- 2022
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Ingår i: European Journal of Population. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0168-6577 .- 1572-9885. ; 38, s. 1033-1064
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A standard proposition in the migration literature is that emigrants are not drawn randomly from their source population, but rather compose a self-selected group in terms of labour market characteristics. Such self-selection refers to observed characteristics, such as education, or occupation, as well as unobserved characteristics such as cognitive abilities. However, due to data limitations, most previous studies on selectivity have analysed immigrants’ characteristics at destinations rather than using data from their source countries. This paper assesses emigrants’ selectivity patterns by following the full-risk population of natives over a long period of time (over 20years). It also includes an innovative measure of selectivity on unobserved characteristics—namely, school performance—as a proxy for individual motivation and cognitive abilities, and it compares it to the widely used measure of income residuals. We use Swedish register data and assess the probabilities of leaving Sweden between 1993 and 2014 among men and women born in Sweden between 1975 and 1978. We further look for differences among Swedish emigrants who chose different countries of destination. The findings suggest that emigrants are positively self-selected in terms of their observed characteristics, whereas selectivity patterns in terms of unobserved characteristics are more complex. When we assess unobservable characteristics using compulsory school grades as a proxy, emigrants are found to be positively self-selected, while when using income residuals, we find that the effect is U-shaped. Individuals leaving to non-Nordic countries are also found to be more positively self-selected than those heading to neighbouring countries. We discuss these findings and their implications in light of economic and sociological theories.
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| 2. |
- Birgier, Debora Pricila, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Selectivity and internal migration: A study of refugees’ dispersal policy in Sweden
- 2016
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Ingår i: 18th Nordic Migration Conference – “Migration and social inequality: Global perspectives – new boundaries”. 11-12 August 2016 Oslo, Norway.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Following the intensified waves of refugees to Europe, dispersal policies of newly arrived immigrants are proposed for speeding up their integration in the hosting societies and for distributing the financial burden associated with it across the EU countries. However, the economic theory of migration suggests that economic immigrants are self-selected to destinations based on their abilities. Highly skilled people tend to migrate to labor markets with a broader opportunities structure, while less capable individuals choose markets that are more sheltered. Therefore, if refugees also show some patterns of selectivity when making their destination choice, the effectiveness of such policy depends on the extent to which refugees tend to stay in their initial location and their degree of selectivity. We used a quasi-experiment to examine whether the economic theory of migration applies not only to economic immigrants, but to refugees as well. We focus on refugee cohorts who came to Sweden during a period when a "Whole-Sweden" policy was applied. This policy was designed to reduce the concentration of refugees in mainly large cities by randomly deploying asylum seekers in almost all municipalities within Sweden. A few years after their initial assigned location, those refugees were given a choice whether to stay in their assigned location, or to move to another place within Sweden. This allows us to examine refugees’ self-selection patterns within Sweden and their effect on their subsequent economic assimilation. We use individual register data from Statistics Sweden to study refugees who arrived in Sweden during 1990-1993 and we follow them during a 6-year period from the time they received residency. We use discreet time survival analysis in order to assess the effect of abilities on destination choice of refugees, and lagged dependent models to assess their wage and income growth. The results suggest that refugees affected by that policy are more likely to move within Sweden relative to immigrants that were not affected by it. Furthermore, refugees’ education levels are found to be related to major differences in their destination choices. Highly skilled refugees are more likely to migrate to labor markets with wide structured opportunities and with high levels of inequality relative to less skilled ones. However, it seems that destination choices have implications on disposable income but not on wages. These findings may indicate that the choice of internal migration is mainly influenced by welfare maximization rather than wage maximization.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Birgier, Debora Pricila, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Selectivity in emigration: the case of migration from Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: ISA RC28 Spring Meeting 2021 University of Turku, Finland June 2-4 2021.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- One of the standard propositions in the migration literature is that emigrants are not a random sample drawn from their source population but represent a positively self-selected group in terms of labor market characteristics. This positive self-selection refers to observed characteristics, such as education, work experience, occupation, and unobserved characteristics. Due to data limitation, most previous studies on selectivity look at immigrants' characteristics at destinations rather than using source countries' data. The current paper assesses emigrant selectivity patterns by looking at the full-risk population of natives and following them over a long time (over 20 years). It also uses an innovative measure of selectivity patterns on unobserved characteristics by looking at individuals' performance in high school as a proxy for their motivation and cognitive abilities and compare it to the widely-used measure of earnings residuals. We used the Swedish Register, which includes information on individuals' emigration year and destinations. We focus on men and women born in Sweden between 1972 and 1977, follow them between 1990 and 2014, and assess their relative risk of leaving Sweden. The finding suggests that emigrants are positively self-selected in terms of their observed characteristics, whereas selectivity patterns in terms of unobserved characteristics are somewhat more complex. When we assess unobservable characteristics by using high school grades as their proxy, emigrants were found to be positively self-selected, while when using earnings residuals, we find that the effect is U-shaped. We discuss these findings and their implications in light of economic and sociological theories.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Birgier, Debora Pricila, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Self-Selection and Host Country Context in the Economic Assimilation of Political Refugees in the United States, Sweden, and Israel
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Migration Review. - : SAGE Publications. - 0197-9183 .- 1747-7379. ; 52:2, s. 534-558
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2016 Center for Migration Studies, New York, Inc.We study the interplay between host countries' characteristics and self-selection patterns in relation to refugees' economic assimilation using a natural experiment in which immigrants from one region migrated to three destinations under similar circumstances. We focus on emigrants fleeing from Argentina and Chile during the military regimes there to the United States, Sweden, and Israel. We find that those refugees show patterns of selection and assimilation similar to those of economic immigrants. Immigrants to the United States and Israel exhibit better selection patterns and consequently faster assimilation than immigrants to Sweden even considering the positive effect of the Swedish market structure.
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| 7. |
- Birgier, Debora Pricila, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Stayers and Movers: A study on emigration from Sweden 1990-2014
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A standard proposition in the migration literature is that emigrants are not drawn randomly from their source population, but rather compose a self-selected group in terms of labour market characteristics. Such self-selection refers to observed characteristics, such as education, work experience, or occupation, as well as unobserved characteristics. However, due to data limitations, most previous studies on selectivity have analysed immigrants’ characteristics at destinations rather than using data from their source countries. This paper assesses emigrants’ selectivity patterns by following the full-risk population of natives over a long period of time (over 20 years). It also includes an innovative measure of selectivity on unobserved characteristics—namely, high school performance—as a proxy for individual motivation and cognitive abilities, and it compares it to the widely used measure of income residuals. We use Swedish register data and assess the probabilities of leaving Sweden between 1990 and 2014 among men and women born in Sweden between 1972 and 1977. The findings suggest that emigrants are positively self-selected in terms of their observed characteristics, whereas selectivity patterns in terms of unobserved characteristics are more complex. When we assess unobservable characteristics using high school grades as a proxy, emigrants are found to be positively self-selected, while when using income residuals, we find that the effect is U-shaped. Individuals leaving to non-Nordic countries are also found to be more positively self-selected than those heading to neighbouring countries. We discuss these findings and their implications in light of economic and sociological theories.
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| 8. |
- Curtis, Carey, et al.
(författare)
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Public Transport Accessibility Tools Matter: A case study of Gothenburg, Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: Case Studies on Transport Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 2213-624X. ; 7:1, s. 96-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urban transport investment decision-making has relied on traditional modelling tools that forecast travel demand based on existing travel patterns. This approach has also underpinned decisions about future urban development. Latent travel demand is poorly understood, and this is particularly important given policy aspirations for the take-up of more sustainable transport modes such as public transport. Accessibility tools can make an important contribution to future development and investment decisions given this policy aspiration. In this paper, public transport supply is assessed using an accessibility tool and then compared to travel patterns. By assessing both public transport supply and travel demand through an accessibility lens we are able to gain insight into the latent demand for public transport. An innovative segmentation type approach is employed by comparing supply and demand and from this a typology is proposed as a framework for a more holistic public transport investment strategy. This takes into account public transport accessibility, travel demand of trip makers and their socio-economic situation, set in the context of the urban region.
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| 9. |
- Elldér, Erik
(författare)
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Active travel and telework in Sweden: Teleworkers walk more, but cycle less
- 2022
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1361-9209. ; 109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is extensive literature on how telework influences daily travel, mainly focusing on daily travel demand. What is overlooked is the possibility that telework provides scope for more active travel on foot or by bicycle. The aim of this article is to investigate whether teleworkers are more likely to walk or cycle than non-teleworkers. We use representative microdata from the Swedish National Travel survey 2011–2016 and disaggregate the analysis in novel ways, including separating walking and cycling. We conclude that in general teleworkers walk more but cycle less. Teleworkers walk more for service purposes, and cycle less when commuting. The strongest correlation between telework and active travel are found when teleworking for a full day. However, similar active travel behavior is shown on non-(tele)working days, indicating that teleworking is habit-forming when it comes to active travel.
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| 10. |
- Elldér, Erik
(författare)
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Built environment and the evolution of the “15-minute city”: A 25-year longitudinal study of 200 Swedish cities
- 2024
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Ingår i: Cities. - 0264-2751. ; 149
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article aims to examine how key features of the built environment have influenced the development of the 15-minute city in Swedish cities. Using longitudinal register data geocoded at a 100-meter level and encompassing the entire population and workplaces, we track the 200 largest Swedish cities over a 25-year period (1992–2017). The 15-minute city is operationalized as the proportion of the population in each city that can access a range of non-work urban social functions within a short distance from home. The study uses various multivariate modeling techniques, including fixed effect models, to measure the effects of changes in the built environment. We thus address significant research gaps by investigating the dynamic nature of the 15-minute city concept, conducting comparisons within and across multiple cities, and considering the influence of the built environment, particularly in smaller cities. Results show that population size has less significance than expected, and that smaller cities can achieve certain criteria of the 15-minute city. However, increasing population density and promoting mixed land use clearly contribute to fostering the 15-minute city. Moreover, cities that to a larger extent were developed before mass motorization tend to exhibit a greater degree of 15-minute city characteristics. The results highlight the importance of making long-term, thoughtful, strategic decisions in urban planning efforts aimed at transforming cities into 15-minute cities.
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