| 1. |
- Arp, Hans Peter H., et al.
(författare)
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Native Oxy-PAHs, N-PACs, and PAHs in historically contaminated soils from Sweden, Belgium, and France : their soil-porewater partitioning behavior, bioaccumulation in Enchytraeus crypticus, and bioavailability
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 48:19, s. 11187-11195
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soil quality standards are based on partitioning and toxicity data for laboratory-spiked reference soils, instead of real world, historically contaminated soils, which would be more representative. Here 21 diverse historically contaminated soils from Sweden, Belgium, and France were obtained, and the soil-porewater partitioning along with the bioaccumulation in exposed worms (Enchytraeus crypticus) of native polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) were quantified. The native PACs investigated were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and, for the first time to be included in such a study, oxygenated-PAHs (oxy-PAHs) and nitrogen containing heterocyclic PACs (N-PACs). The passive sampler polyoxymethylene (POM) was used to measure the equilibrium freely dissolved porewater concentration, C-pw, of all PACs. The obtained organic carbon normalized partitioning coefficients, K-TOC, show that sorption of these native PACs is much stronger than observed in laboratory-spiked soils (typically by factors 10 to 100), which has been reported previously for PAHs but here for the first time for oxy-PAHs and N-PACs. A recently developed K-TOC model for historically contaminated sediments predicted the 597 unique, native K-TOC values in this study within a factor 30 for 100% of the data and a factor 3 for 58% of the data, without calibration. This model assumes that TOC in pyrogenic-impacted areas sorbs similarly to coal tar, rather than octanol as typically assumed. Black carbon (BC) inclusive partitioning models exhibited substantially poorer performance. Regarding bioaccumulation, C-pw combined with liposome-water partition coefficients corresponded better with measured worm lipid concentrations, C-lipid (within a factor 10 for 85% of all PACs and soils), than C-pw combined with octanol-water partition coefficients (within a factor 10 for 76% of all PACs and soils). E. crypticus mortality and reproducibility were also quantified. No enhanced mortality was observed in the 21 historically contaminated soils despite expectations from PAH spiked reference soils. Worm reproducibility weakly correlated to C-lipid of PACs, though the contributing influence of metal concentrations and soil texture could not be taken into account. The good agreement of POM-derived C-pw with independent soil and lipid partitioning models further supports that soil risk assessments would improve by accounting for bioavailability. Strategies for including bioavailability in soil risk assessment are presented.
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| 2. |
- Enell, Anja, et al.
(författare)
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Combining Leaching and Passive Sampling To Measure the Mobility and Distribution between Porewater, DOC, and Colloids of Native Oxy-PAHs, N-PACs, and PAHs in Historically Contaminated Soil
- 2016
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 50:21, s. 11797-11805
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different methods to quantify soil porewater concentrations of contaminants will provide different types of information. Passive sampling measurements give freely dissolved porewater concentrations (C-pw,C-free), while leaching tests provide information on the mobile concentration (C-pw,C-leach), including contaminants associated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particles/colloids in the porewater. This study presents a novel combination of these two measurements, to study the sorption and mobility of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) to DOC and particulate organic carbon (POC) in 10 historically contaminated soils. The PACs investigated were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxygenated-PAHs, and nitrogen containing heterocyclic PACs. Observed C-pw,C-leach was up to 5 orders of magnitude higher than C-pw,C-free; implying large biases when C-pw,C-leach is used to assess bioavailability or soil partitioning. Sorption of PACs to DOC and POC was important for the mobility of compounds with log K-OW > 4. Average DOC/water-partitioning coefficients (K-DOC) correlated well with KOW (log K-DOC = 0.89 x log K-OW +1.03 (r(2) = 0.89)). This relationship is likely more accurate for historically contaminated soils than previously published data, which suffer from artifacts caused by problems in measuring C-pw,C-free correctly or not using historically contaminated soils. POC/water-partitioning coefficients (K-POC) were orders of magnitude larger than corresponding K-DOC, suggesting sorption to mobile particles/colloids is the dominant mechanism for PAC mobility.
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| 3. |
- Gaillard, Marie-Jose, et al.
(författare)
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A late Holocene record of land-use history, soil erosion, lake trophy and lake-level fluctuations at Bjäresjösjön (South Sweden) changes in southern Sweden
- 1991
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Ingår i: Journal of Paleolimnology. - 0921-2728 .- 1573-0417. ; 6, s. 51-81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Land-use history, soil ersosion, lake trophy and lake-level fluctuations during the last 3000 years werereconstructed through a multidisciplinary palaeolimnological study (pollen, plant macrofossils, diatoms,physical and chemical analysis, magnetic measurements and radiometric methods) of a small eutrophiclake in southern Sweden (Bj~resjOsjOn, Scania). There are striking responses in diatom, chemical,sediment yield and magnetic records to land-use changes documented by pollen analysis or historicalsources, and to lake-level changes identified from sedimentary changes. Our multidisciplinary approachassists interpretation of the processes controlling long-term changes and separation of the effects ofdifferent factors (land-use changes, lake-level fluctuations) on individual biostratigraphical records.Climate has controlled processes in the lake indirectly, through lake-level fluctuations, from the LateBronze Age to the Viking Age (700 BC-AD 800). Since the Viking Age, land-use controlled most of thechanges observed in the lake's development and soil erosion processes. Major changes in lake developmentoccurred during the last 200 years, due to a drastic increase in soil erosion and water eutrophicationduring a period of agricultural modernization.
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| 4. |
- Gaillard, Marie-Jose, et al.
(författare)
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A multidisciplinary study of Lake Bjäresjö (S Sweden): land-use history, soil erosion, lake trophy and lake-level fluctuations during the last 3000 years
- 1991
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Ingår i: Hydrobiologia. - 0018-8158 .- 1573-5117. ; 214, s. 107-114
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The lake Bjaresjosjon, Southern Scania, Southern Sweden, was studied in the context of the project 'The cultural landscape of the past 6000 years in Southern Sweden'. Pollen, plant macrofossils, diatoms, physical and chemical analysis, magnetic measurements and radiometric methods (Pb-210, C-14) have been used to study palaeoecological changes, i.e. climate, land use, lake trophy and soil erosion during the past 3000 years. This multidisciplinary study shows striking responses of diatom communities, physical and chemical characteristics, sediment yields and magnetic parameters to land-use changes and lake-level fluctuations. Moreover, the latter are closely related to the settlement history at the site, inferred from archaeological records and historical sources. Before 650 AD, the limnological development was affected mainly by lake-level fluctuations, but partly also by human impact (extensive forest clearings and dominant pastoral farming). With the expansion of arable farming (around 650 AD), human impact on the landscape was the major factor influencing soil erosion processes in the catchment and limnological changes in the lake.
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| 5. |
- Josefsson, Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Determination of polyoxymethylene (POM) - water partition coefficients for oxy-PAHs and PAHs
- 2015
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 119, s. 1268-1274
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs) are a class of ubiquitously occurring pollutants of which little is known. They can be co-emitted with PAHs or formed from PAHs in the environment. The environmental fate and risk of oxy-PAHs are difficult to assess due to a lack of methods to quantify their pore water concentrations. One sampler that can be used to determine freely dissolved concentrations of organic contaminants is polyoxymethylene (POM). In this study, POM - water partition coefficients (K-POM) were determined for 11 oxy-PAHs. K-POM values of 8 PAHs with similar hydrophobicities as the oxy-PAHs were determined for comparison. Results showed that log K-POM values ranged from 2.64 to 4.82 for the PAHs (2-4 rings), similar to previously determined values. LogK(pom) values for investigated oxy-PAHs ranged from 0.96 to 5.36. The addition of carbonylic oxygen on a parent PAH generally lowered K-POM by 0.5 to 1.0 log units, which is attributable to the presence of carbonylic oxygens increasing water solubility. The K-POM values presented here will facilitate simultaneous assessments of freely dissolved water concentrations of oxy-PAHs and PAHs in environmental media.
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