| 1. |
- Henning, Martin, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Urban-rural population changes and spatial inequalities in Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Regional Science Policy and Practice. - : Wiley. - 1757-7802. ; 15:4, s. 878-892
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper documents regional population changes in Sweden since 1860 and investigates how these changes link to regional economic development (regional GDP). We combine long-term decade population data for the historical counties (1860-2020) with detailed annual population observations for municipalities (1968-2021). As industrialization picked up speed, this benefited regions all around the country in terms of production, at the same time as regional population patterns started to diverge. After a slowdown in the regional GDP convergence processes during the low-growth period of the 1980s, 'double divergence,' in both population and regional GDP per capita, has characterized Swedish growth patterns since the 1990s.
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| 2. |
- L. Cermeño, Alexandra, et al.
(författare)
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Railroads and Reform: How Trains Strengthened the Nation State
- 2022
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Ingår i: British Journal of Political Science. - 0007-1234. ; 52, s. 715-735
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines the relationship between the coming of the railroads, the expansion of primary education, and the introduction of national school curricula. Using fine-grained data on local education outcomes in Sweden in the nineteenth century, the paper tests the idea that the development of the railroad network enabled national school inspectors to monitor remote schools more effectively. In localities to which school inspectors could travel by rail, a larger share of children attended permanent public schools and took classes in nation-building subjects such as geography and history. By contrast, the parochial interests of local and religious authorities continued to dominate in remote areas school inspectors could not reach by train. The paper argues for a causal interpretation of these findings, which are robust for the share of children in permanent schools and suggestive for the content of the curriculum. The paper therefore concludes that the railroad, the defining innovation of the First Industrial Revolution, mattered directly for the state's ability to implement public policies.
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| 3. |
- Berger, Thor, et al.
(författare)
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Geographical Location and Urbanization of the Swedish Manufacturing Industry, 1900-1960: Evidence from a New Database
- 2012
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - 0358-5522. ; 60:3, s. 290-308
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article introduces a new database, based on official statistics, of regional manufacturing industries in Sweden. We employ this database to examine the distribution of manufacturing activity across Swedish regions and cities, 1900–1960. Over this period we observe an increasing concentration of manufacturing activities, reaching a peak around 1940, across the northern, southern and western parts (NUTS-I areas) of Sweden. Over the same period, the North-South divide in terms of manufacturing employment grew larger. Across counties (NUTS-III) and cities we, however, observe two shorter periods of convergence of manufacturing activities, in the early twentieth century and in the post-war period, whereas the inter-war period was characterised by divergence. These developments occurred to the backdrop of the urbanisation of industry in Sweden, as the rural share of manufacturing employment declined from roughly 60 to 25% between 1900 and 1960. We also find that the regional patterns of individual industries over time followed different trajectories, suggesting that that the determinants of industry location differed significantly across industries.
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| 6. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying development blocks - A new methodology Implemented on Swedish industry 1900–1974
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Evolutionary Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 18:1, s. 57-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper specifies a quantitative methodology for exploring development blocks. The concept of 'development block' was a major contribution to the historical analysis of industrial transformation by the late Erik Dahmen, but development blocks have mainly been analyzed by qualitative methods and indirect indicators and not statistically identified. In this paper, development blocks are identified by means of a combination of co-integration analysis and Granger causality. Using these techniques, we are able to identify two partially overlapping development blocks in the Swedish economy, formed around the electricity generating sector: one with metal, metal goods, machinery and railways; and another with pulp and paper, chemicals, and machinery.
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| 7. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Regional convergence and divergence in Sweden, 1860–2010 : Evidence from Swedish historical regional GDP data
- 2018. - 1
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Ingår i: The Economic Development of Europe's Regions : A Quantitative History since 1900 - A Quantitative History since 1900. - London : Routledge. - 9780415723381 - 9780429449789 ; , s. 291-309
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since industrialization, Sweden has experienced an amazing growth trajectory. In 1850, Sweden was a quite poor and peripheral country, with GDP levels close to the world’s average. One and a half centuries later, Sweden ranks among the richest countries in the world with GDP levels more than three times the world’s average (Schön 2013). Yet apart from a few case studies and some industry studies, little is known about the geographical evolution of Sweden’s growth process. This chapter will fill in the gap by presenting estimates of Swedish regional GDPs for 24 counties corresponding to NUTS 3 regions from 1860 to 2010. Using this data set, we will present descriptive evidence on processes of regional convergence and divergence and discuss some tentative explanations for these patterns.
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| 8. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Relative Sources of European Regional Productivity Convergence: A Bootstrap Frontier Approach
- 2009
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Ingår i: Regional Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1360-0591 .- 0034-3404. ; 42:10, s. 643-659
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Enflo K. and Hjertstrand P. Relative sources of European regional productivity convergence: a bootstrap frontier approach, Regional Studies. This paper addresses the issue of Western European regional productivity growth and convergence by means of data envelopment analysis (DEA), decomposing labour productivity into efficiency change, technical change and capital accumulation. The decomposition shows that most regions have fallen behind the production frontier in efficiency and that capital accumulation has had a diverging effect on the labour productivity distribution. Using bootstrapping methods, the paper also accounts for the inherent bias and the stochastic elements in the efficiency estimation. It is found that the relative ranking of the efficiency scores remains stable after the bias correction, even after controlling for spatially correlated measurement errors, and that the DEA successfully identifies the regions on the production frontier as significantly more efficient than other regions.
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