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- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Between Malthus and the industrial take-off: regional inequality in Sweden, 1571–1850
- 2020
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Ingår i: Economic history review. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0013-0117. ; 73:2, s. 431-454
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The causes and extent of regional inequality in the process of economic growth are at the core of historical economic research. So far, much attention has been devoted to studying the role of industrialization in driving regional divergence. However, empirical studies on relatively unequal countries such as Italy and Spain show that inequality was already high at the outset of modern industrialization. Using new estimates of Swedish regional GDP, this article looks for the first time at regional inequality in a pre-industrial European economy. Its findings show that inequality increased dramatically between 1571 and 1750 and stayed high until the mid-nineteenth century. This result refutes the classical view that the industrial take-off was the main driver of regional divergence. Decomposing the Theil index for GDP per worker, we find that the bulk of inequality from 1750 onwards was driven by structural differences across sectors rather than different regional productivity within sectors. We show that counties with higher agricultural productivity followed a classic Malthusian pattern when experiencing technological advancement, while those with higher industrial productivity did not. We suggest that institutional factors, such as the creation of the Swedish Empire, Stockholm's trading rights, and a protective industrial policy, amplified this exceptional pattern.
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| 2. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Regional convergence and divergence in Sweden, 1860–2010 : Evidence from Swedish historical regional GDP data
- 2018. - 1
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Ingår i: The Economic Development of Europe's Regions : A Quantitative History since 1900 - A Quantitative History since 1900. - London : Routledge. - 9780415723381 - 9780429449789 ; , s. 291-309
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since industrialization, Sweden has experienced an amazing growth trajectory. In 1850, Sweden was a quite poor and peripheral country, with GDP levels close to the world’s average. One and a half centuries later, Sweden ranks among the richest countries in the world with GDP levels more than three times the world’s average (Schön 2013). Yet apart from a few case studies and some industry studies, little is known about the geographical evolution of Sweden’s growth process. This chapter will fill in the gap by presenting estimates of Swedish regional GDPs for 24 counties corresponding to NUTS 3 regions from 1860 to 2010. Using this data set, we will present descriptive evidence on processes of regional convergence and divergence and discuss some tentative explanations for these patterns.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Regional GDP estimates for Sweden, 1571–18501
- 2018
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Ingår i: Historical Methods. - 0161-5440 .- 1940-1906. ; 51, s. 115-137
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides regional GDP estimates for the 24 Swedish regions (NUTS-3) for the benchmark year 1571 and for 11 ten-year benchmarks for the period 1750–1850. The 1571 estimates are based on tax sources and agricultural statistics. The 1750–1850 estimates are produced following the widely used methodology by Geary and Stark (2002): labour force figures from population censuses at regional level are used to allocate to regions the national estimates of agriculture, industry and services while wages are used to correct for productivity differentials. By connecting our series to the existing ones by Enflo, Henning, and Schön (2014) for the period 1860–2010, we are able to produce the longest set of regional GDP series to date for any single country.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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The Role of Migration in Regional Wage Convergence: Evidence from Sweden 1860–1940
- 2014
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Ingår i: Explorations in Economic History. - : Elsevier BV. - 0014-4983. ; 52, s. 93-110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden experienced a decline in inter-county real wage differentials for agricultural workers between 1860 and 1940, historical evidence of early labour market integration well before widespread unionization in agriculture occurred. By means of dynamic panel data analysis, this paper examines whether internal and external migration caused real wage beta convergence across Swedish counties. To account for statistical problems such as endogeneity of migration, time-invariant county characteristics and autocorrelation in the regression model, we adjust our estimates using fixed effects, instrumental variables and GMM. The preferred model shows that both internal and external migration contributed to wage convergence before the First World War and internal migration mainly during the interwar years. The agglomeration effects of urbanization were not sufficiently pervasive to offset the labour supply effects of internal and external migration.
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| 10. |
- Henning, Martin, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Urban-rural population changes and spatial inequalities in Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Regional Science Policy and Practice. - : Wiley. - 1757-7802. ; 15:4, s. 878-892
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper documents regional population changes in Sweden since 1860 and investigates how these changes link to regional economic development (regional GDP). We combine long-term decade population data for the historical counties (1860-2020) with detailed annual population observations for municipalities (1968-2021). As industrialization picked up speed, this benefited regions all around the country in terms of production, at the same time as regional population patterns started to diverge. After a slowdown in the regional GDP convergence processes during the low-growth period of the 1980s, 'double divergence,' in both population and regional GDP per capita, has characterized Swedish growth patterns since the 1990s.
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