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| 2. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Electrification and Energy Productivity
- 2009
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Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8009. ; 68:11, s. 2808-2817
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy productivity is crucial for sustainable development.We use cointegration analyses to investigate the effect of electricity on energy productivity in Swedish industry from 1930 to 1990. Electricity augmented energy productivity in those industrial branches that used electricity formultiple purposes. This productivity effect goes beyond “book-keeping effects,” i. e. it is not only the result of electricity being produced in one sector (taking the energy transformation losses) and consumed in another (receiving the benefits).
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| 3. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying development blocks - A new methodology Implemented on Swedish industry 1900–1974
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Evolutionary Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 18:1, s. 57-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper specifies a quantitative methodology for exploring development blocks. The concept of 'development block' was a major contribution to the historical analysis of industrial transformation by the late Erik Dahmen, but development blocks have mainly been analyzed by qualitative methods and indirect indicators and not statistically identified. In this paper, development blocks are identified by means of a combination of co-integration analysis and Granger causality. Using these techniques, we are able to identify two partially overlapping development blocks in the Swedish economy, formed around the electricity generating sector: one with metal, metal goods, machinery and railways; and another with pulp and paper, chemicals, and machinery.
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| 4. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Regional convergence and divergence in Sweden, 1860–2010 : Evidence from Swedish historical regional GDP data
- 2018. - 1
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Ingår i: The Economic Development of Europe's Regions : A Quantitative History since 1900 - A Quantitative History since 1900. - London : Routledge. - 9780415723381 - 9780429449789 ; , s. 291-309
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since industrialization, Sweden has experienced an amazing growth trajectory. In 1850, Sweden was a quite poor and peripheral country, with GDP levels close to the world’s average. One and a half centuries later, Sweden ranks among the richest countries in the world with GDP levels more than three times the world’s average (Schön 2013). Yet apart from a few case studies and some industry studies, little is known about the geographical evolution of Sweden’s growth process. This chapter will fill in the gap by presenting estimates of Swedish regional GDPs for 24 counties corresponding to NUTS 3 regions from 1860 to 2010. Using this data set, we will present descriptive evidence on processes of regional convergence and divergence and discuss some tentative explanations for these patterns.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish regional GDP 1855-2000 Estimations and general trends in the Swedish regional system
- 2014
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Ingår i: Research in Economic History. - 0363-3268. ; 30, s. 47-89
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper uses a method devised by Geary and Stark to estimate regional GDPs for 24 Swedish provinces 1855-2007. In empirical tests, we find that the Swedish estimations yield results of good precision, comparable to those reported in the international literature. From the literature, we generate six expectations concerning the development of regional GDPs in Sweden. Using the GDP estimations, we test these expectations empirically. We find that the historical regional GDPs show a high correlation over time, but that the early industrialization process co-evolved with a dramatic redistribution of productive capacity. We show that the regional inequalities in GDP per capita were at their lowest point in modern history in the early 1980s. However, while efficiency in the regional system has never been as equal, absolute regional differences in scale of production has increased dramatically over our investigated period. This process has especially benefited the metropolitan provinces. We present detailed sources of our estimations and also sketch a research agenda from our results.
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| 7. |
- Kander, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
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In Defense of Electricity as a General Purpose Technology
- 2007
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Electricity has been regarded as a typical example of a general purpose technology and important for the surge both in energy productivity and overall productivity in the American economy in the 1920s. This view was challenged by Nicholas and Moser (2004) based on patent statistics. We argue that other methods are required for studying productivity effects and propose cointegration analyses. We demonstrate a clear impact from electrification on energy productivity in those broad Swedish industrial branches that used electricity for multiple uses. This effect goes beyond mere book-keeping effects and indicates the existence of dynamic effects.
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