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- Bergman, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 in Development and Disease: A Mini-Review
- 2013
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Ingår i: Gerontology. - : S. Karger AG. - 0304-324X .- 1423-0003. ; 59, s. 240-249
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is a protein hormone known to regulate cell proliferation, growth, migration, differentiation and survival. The gene is parentally imprinted in the sense that transcripts are almost exclusively derived from the paternal allele. Loss of imprinting of the IGF2 gene is a recurrent observation in growth disorders that combine overgrowth with a variety of malignant tumours. Moreover, IGF2 has been proposed to play a role in the development of a variety of seemingly unrelated cancers that play an important role in geriatric medicine, e.g. breast cancer, colon cancer and lung cancer. Finally, IGF2 has been implicated in cardiovascular disease, since, for example, IGF2 has been shown to influence the size of atherosclerotic lesions. Objective: To summarize current knowledge about IGF2, its interactions with binding proteins and receptors and connections with key diseases. Methods: The contents of this paper were based on reviews of existing literature within the field. Results: There is a substantial amount of research linking IGF2 to growth disorders, cancer and to a much lesser degree cardiovascular disease. Some of the studies on IGF2 and tumour growth have yielded conflicting results, for instance regarding its effect on apoptosis. Conclusion: Today, our knowledge on how IGF2 is composed and interacts with receptors has come a long way. However, there is comparatively little information on how IGF2 affects tumour growth and cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Thus, further research will be needed to elucidate the impact of IGF2 on key diseases. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel
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| 2. |
- Engström, Wilhelm, et al.
(författare)
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Epigenic regulation of the IGF2/H19 locus
- 2014
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Ingår i: Anticancer Research. - 0250-7005 .- 1791-7530. ; 34, s. 5895-5895
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Nordin, Matilda, et al.
(författare)
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Epigenetic regulation of the Igf2/H19 gene cluster
- 2014
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Ingår i: Cell Proliferation. - : Wiley. - 0960-7722 .- 1365-2184. ; 47, s. 189-199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Igf2 (insulin-like growth factor 2) and H19 genes are imprinted in mammals; they are expressed unevenly from the two parental alleles. Igf2 is a growth factor expressed in most normal tissues, solely from the paternal allele. H19 gene is transcribed (but not translated to a protein) from the maternal allele. Igf2 protein is a growth factor particularly important during pregnancy, where it promotes both foetal and placental growth and also nutrient transfer from mother to offspring via the placenta. This article reviews epigenetic regulation of the Igf2/H19 gene-cluster that leads to parent-specific expression, with current models including parental allele-specific DNA methylation and chromatin modifications, DNA-binding of insulator proteins (CTCFs) and three-dimensional partitioning of DNA in the nucleus. It is emphasized that key genomic features are conserved among mammals and have been functionally tested in mouse. The enhancer competition model', the boundary model' and the chromatin-loop model' are three models based on differential methylation as the epigenetic mark responsible for the imprinted expression pattern. Pathways are discussed that can account for allelic methylation differences; there is a recent study that contradicts the previously accepted fact that biallelic expression is accompanied with loss of differential methylation pattern.
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