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- Bietenbeck, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Preschool attendance, schooling, and cognitive skills in East Africa
- 2019
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Ingår i: Economics of Education Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-7757. ; 73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the effects of preschool attendance on children's schooling and cognitive skills in Kenya and Tanzania. We use a within-household estimator and data from nationally representative surveys of school-age children's literacy and numeracy skills, which include retrospective information on preschool attendance. In both countries, school entry rules are not strictly enforced, and children who attend preschool often start primary school late. At ages 7–9, these children have thus attended fewer school grades than their same-aged peers without pre-primary education. However, they catch up over time: at ages 13–16, children who went to preschool have attended about the same number of school grades and score about 0.10 standard deviations higher on standardized tests in both countries. They are also 3 (5) percentage points more likely to achieve basic literacy and numeracy in Kenya (Tanzania).
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| 3. |
- Muniz, Jorge, et al.
(författare)
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Challenges of Engineering Education 5.0 based on I4.0 Policies in Brazil, India, Japan, and Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Conference on Work Integrated Learning. - Trollhättan : University West. - 9789189325302 ; , s. 95-96
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Introduction: Industry and academia have placed increasing attention on implementing Industry 4.0 (I4.0) in the production ofgoods and services. Named as Industry 4.0 in Brazil, Made in India in India, Society 5.0 in Japan, andProduktion2030 in Sweden (Ribeiro et al., 2022). Hereafter, we apply I4.0 to simplify, which promises customizedproducts produced in smaller lots, and that repetitive manufacturing tasks can be automated very soon (Karre etal., 2017).Country policies play an important role in pushing different sectors of the economy, aligned as new with theregulatory framework of national and international trade, especially industrial (Aguinis et al., 2020). The implementation of I4.0 literature indicates different specificities in each country, including culture, R&D targets,education and vocational training, and their research opportunities related to how I4.0 affects workers (Jerman etal., 2020). The research-question is: How do different countries approach the opportunities and challenges of Engineering Education 4.0 through similar or different country policies?This study aims to discuss engineering education related to I4.0 policies. This discussion is based on policies fromBrazil, India, Japan, and Sweden related to education and workers 5.0, which include students and employees.Investigating how these countries are adjusting to I4.0 is relevant for national industrial sectors to wish to actefficiently in this new technological context. Industry 4.0 demands new professional skills and will impactemployment. It is noteworthy that this research is in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) proposedby the United Nations (UN): Quality Education (SDG-4); o Decent Work and Economic Growth (SDG-8); andIndustry, Innovation, and Infrastructure (ODS-9) which seeks to promote inclusive and sustainableindustrialization and foster innovation. This research aims to contribute to sustainable o rganizational practices;formulation of public policies that alleviate social problems; guidance of professional curricula affected by I 4.0.Papers and Data Selection: A literature search was conducted in the Scopus database, which gathers some of the most important journalsrelated to manufacturing technologies with high impact factors, based on the PRISMA method, which refers to aminimum set of evidence-based items to report studies in systematic reviews and meta -analyses (MOHER et al.,2009). The paper set was assembled from the Scopus core collection, using the following search string: “industry4.0” OR “industry 5.0” AND “policies” AND ". The results were narrowed to texts in English, which yielded 1496papers. All titles and abstracts were read, which resulted in a set composed of 14 papers. We also use official documents relating to I4.0 raised from official government websites.Comparison of Countries’ Education policies and Industry 4.0: The literature addresses difficulties associated with the implementation of I4.0 in emerging economies (Dalagnore,2018; Hong and Muniz Jr., 2022). Not surprisingly, current literature I4.0 related to technology adoption is themost prevalent theme discussed from a hard, technology-oriented perspective rather than a people-oriented.Production systems are sociotechnical systems, with an explicit understanding that all systems involve ongoinginteractions between people and technology, and they are rapidly transforming virtually all areas of human life,work, and interaction.The European Commission’s (Breque et al., 2021) vision for ‘Industry 5.0’ proposes moves past a narrow andtraditional focus on technology-or economic enabled growth of the existing extractive, production andconsumption driven economic model to a more transformative view of growth that is focused on human progressand well-being based on reducing and shifting consumption to new forms of sustainable, circular and regenerativeeconomic value creation and equitable prosperity. This Human-centric production system design and managementapproach (Industry 5.0) is necessary to support skill development, learning, continuous improvement andcollaboration in the organization (Ribeiro et al., 2022).Conclusion: Brazil, India, Japan and Sweden create policies to support their own technological independence. All countriesindicate concern about education and development of skills related to I4.0.It can be concluded that the four countries studied from the perspective of Industry 4.0 an d Engineering Education4.0 are all embarking on their journeys towards increased digitalization in industry and society as a whole. Therealization of the human-centered Society 5.0 was realized and highlighted comparatively early for Japan, whereasin the Europe Union and thus in Sweden the focus of the importance of Industry 5.0 development in parallelIndustry 4.0 has risen up since year 2021.The results indicate that although there are many initiatives of meeting the needs for new competence andknowledge in the era of I4.0 to accommodate Engineering Education 4.0 there are still challenges for futureresearch to move forward in the nexus between I4.0 and I5.0. The result, of studying different countries'policies, highlights that it is imperative, when approaching novel technologies in I4.0 and designing Engineering Education 4.0, to in parallel consider technological implementations with the inclusion of I5.0 aspects and humancentric perspectives.
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| 4. |
- Eisler, Anna D, et al.
(författare)
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Risk judgments : A psychometric approach
- 2008
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Psychophysics, Fechner Day. ; , s. 111-116
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study examined perception of 54 global risk factors in a human ecological perspective, using a psychometric paradigm and psychophysical scaling. The results revealed significant gender differences. The female subjects estimated risks as more serious than the male did. Also significant age differences were obtained. Discussion focuses on the meaning of gender and age differences in risk perception as well on both theoretical and methodological implications.
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| 6. |
- Ericsson, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Domestication effects on behavioural and hormonal responses to acute stress in chickens
- 2014
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Ingår i: Physiology and Behavior. - : Elsevier BV. - 0031-9384 .- 1873-507X. ; 133, s. 161-169
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Comparative studies have shown that alterations in physiology, morphology and behaviour have arisen due to the domestication. A driving factor behind many of the changes could be a shift in stress responses, with modified endocrine and behavioural profiles. In the present study we compared two breeds of chicken (Gallus gallus), the domestic White Leghorn (WL) egg laying breed and its ancestor, the Red Junglefowl (RJF). Birds were exposed to an acute stress event, invoked by 3 or 10 min of physical restraint. They were then continuously monitored for the effects on a wide range of behaviours during a 60 min recovery phase. Blood samples were collected from the chicken at baseline, and after 10 and 60 min following a similar restraint stress, and the samples were analyzed for nine endogenous steroids of the HPA and HPG axes. Concentration of the steroids was determined using validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods. In RJF, an immediate behavioural response was observed after release from restraint in several behaviours, with a relatively fast return to baseline within 1 h. In WL, some behaviours were affected for a longer period of time, and others not at all. Concentrations of corticosterone increased more in RJF, but returned faster to baseline compared to WL. A range of baseline levels for HPG-related steroids differed between the breeds, and they were generally more affected by the stress in WL than in RJF. In conclusion, RJF reacted stronger both behaviourally and physiologically to the restraint stress, but also recovered faster. This would appear to be adaptive under natural conditions, whereas the stress recovery of domesticated birds has been altered by domestication and breeding for increased reproductive output.
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| 7. |
- Ruck, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Capsulotomy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder : long term follow up of 25 patients
- 2008
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Ingår i: Archives of General Psychiatry. - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 0003-990X .- 1538-3636. ; 65:8, s. 914-922
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Context: Capsulotomy is sometimes used as a treatment of last resort in severe and treatment refractory cases of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Objective: To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of capsulotomy in OCD. Design: Non-controlled long-term follow-up trial (mean 10.9 years after surgery). Setting: University hospital referral center. Patients: 25 consecutive OCD patients having undergone capsulotomy between the years 1988 and 2000. Intervention: Unilateral or bilateral capsulotomy. Lesions were created either by conventional heating or by gamma-radiation (radiosurgery). Main Outcome Measure: Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Rating Scale (Y-BOCS). Results: Mean Y-BOCS was 34 preoperatively and dropped to 18 at long-term follow-up (p<0.0001). Response (defined as ≥ 35 % reduction at long-term compared to baseline) was seen in 12 patients at long-term. Eight patients were in remission (Y-BOCS < 16) at long-term follow-up. Response rates did not differ between surgical method. A mean weight gain of 6 kg was reported in the first postoperative year. Ten patients were considered to sufferer from significant problems in the area of executive functioning, apathy or disinhibition. Six of these ten patients had either had high doses of radiation or multiple surgical procedures. Our MRI analysis of 11 patients suggests that the OCD symptom reduction may be increased by reducing the lateral extension of the lesions, and a reduction in the medial and posterior extension may limit the risk of side effects, that is, smaller lesions may produce better results. Conclusions: Capsulotomy is effective in reducing OCD symptoms. There is a substantial risk of side effects and the risk may vary between surgical methods. Our findings suggest that smaller lesions are safer and that high radiation doses and multiple procedures should be avoided.
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| 8. |
- Bauer, Fredric, et al.
(författare)
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Plastics and climate change breaking carbon lock-ins through three mitigation pathways
- 2022
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Ingår i: One Earth. - : Elsevier BV. - 2590-3330 .- 2590-3322. ; 5:4, s. 361-376
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The plastic industry is dependent on fossil fuels in various ways that result in strong “carbon lock-in” throughout the value chain and large and growing CO2 emissions. The industry must decarbonize to reach global net-zero pledges. Although a few initiatives have been launched, they primarily focus on plastic waste. Current research has investigated mitigation potential on different parts of the plastic value chain but remains in silos. Here, we review carbon lock-ins throughout the plastic value chain and identify possible mitigation pathways for each stage of the plastic life cycle. We show how lock-ins are stubbornly entrenched across the domains of production, markets, waste management, industry organization, and governance. Overcoming these carbon lock-ins and achieving zero-carbon targets for the sector by 2050 will require thorough systemic change to how plastics are produced, used, and recycled, including promotion of demand reduction strategies, bio-based feedstocks, and circular economy principles. Strict governance structures, enforceable regulation, and a new proactive and inclusive vision for the low-carbon transition are equally important.
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