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- Mason, L., et al.
(författare)
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Preference for biological motion is reduced in ASD : implications for clinical trials and the search for biomarkers
- 2021
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Ingår i: Molecular Autism. - : Springer Nature. - 2040-2392. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The neurocognitive mechanisms underlying autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remain unclear. Progress has been largely hampered by small sample sizes, variable age ranges and resulting inconsistent findings. There is a pressing need for large definitive studies to delineate the nature and extent of key case/control differences to direct research towards fruitful areas for future investigation. Here we focus on perception of biological motion, a promising index of social brain function which may be altered in ASD. In a large sample ranging from childhood to adulthood, we assess whether biological motion preference differs in ASD compared to neurotypical participants (NT), how differences are modulated by age and sex and whether they are associated with dimensional variation in concurrent or later symptomatology.Methods: Eye-tracking data were collected from 486 6-to-30-year-old autistic (N = 282) and non-autistic control (N = 204) participants whilst they viewed 28 trials pairing biological (BM) and control (non-biological, CTRL) motion. Preference for the biological motion stimulus was calculated as (1) proportion looking time difference (BM-CTRL) and (2) peak look duration difference (BM-CTRL).Results: The ASD group showed a present but weaker preference for biological motion than the NT group. The nature of the control stimulus modulated preference for biological motion in both groups. Biological motion preference did not vary with age, gender, or concurrent or prospective social communicative skill within the ASD group, although a lack of clear preference for either stimulus was associated with higher social-communicative symptoms at baseline.Limitations: The paired visual preference we used may underestimate preference for a stimulus in younger and lower IQ individuals. Our ASD group had a lower average IQ by approximately seven points. 18% of our sample was not analysed for various technical and behavioural reasons.Conclusions: Biological motion preference elicits small-to-medium-sized case–control effects, but individual differences do not strongly relate to core social autism associated symptomatology. We interpret this as an autistic difference (as opposed to a deficit) likely manifest in social brain regions. The extent to which this is an innate difference present from birth and central to the autistic phenotype, or the consequence of a life lived with ASD, is unclear.
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| 4. |
- Bartl-Pokorny, K. D., et al.
(författare)
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Eye Tracking in Basic Research and Clinical Practice
- 2013
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Ingår i: Klinische Neurophysiologie. - : Georg Thieme Verlag KG. - 1434-0275 .- 1439-4081. ; 44:3, s. 193-198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eye tracking is a non-invasive technique based on infrared video technology that is used to analyse eye movements. Such analyses might provide insights into perceptual and cognitive capacities. It is a method widely used in various disciplines, such as ophthalmology, neurology, psychiatry and neuropsychology for basic science, but also clinical practice. For example, recent studies on children who were later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders revealed early abnormal eye movement patterns in socio-communicative settings; children with dyslexia appeared also to have peculiar eye movement patterns, expressed in longer fixation durations and smaller saccades while reading. Current research using eye tracking systems in combination with neurophysiological and brain imaging techniques will add to a better understanding of cognitive, linguistic and socio-communicative development and in the near future possibly also lead to a broader clinical application of this method.
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| 5. |
- Bolte, S., et al.
(författare)
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How can clinicians detect and treat autism early? Methodological trends of technology use in research
- 2016
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 105:2, s. 137-144
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- We reviewed original research papers that used quantifiable technology to detect early autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and identified 376 studies from 34 countries from 1965 to 2013. Publications have increased significantly since 2000, with most coming from the USA. Electroencephalogram, magnetic resonance imaging and eye tracking were the most frequently used technologies. Conclusion: The use of quantifiable technology to detect early ASD has increased in recent decades, but has had limited impact on early detection and treatment. Further scientific developments are anticipated, and we hope that they will increasingly be used in clinical practice for early ASD screening, diagnosis and intervention.
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| 8. |
- Pijl, M. K. J., et al.
(författare)
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Parent-child interaction during the first year of life in infants at elevated likelihood of autism spectrum disorder
- 2021
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Ingår i: Infant Behavior and Development. - : Elsevier. - 0163-6383 .- 1879-0453 .- 1934-8800. ; 62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) likely emerges from a complex interaction between pre-existing neurodevelopmental vulnerabilities and the environment. The interaction with parents forms a key aspect of an infant’s social environment, but few prospective studies of infants at elevated likelihood (EL) for ASD (who have an older sibling with ASD) have examined parent-child interactions in the first year of life. As part of a European multisite network, parent-child dyads of free play were observed at 5 months (62 EL infants, 47 infants at typical likelihood (TL)) and 10 months (101 EL siblings, 77 TL siblings). The newly-developed Parent-Infant/Toddler Coding of Interaction (PInTCI) scheme was used, focusing on global characteristics of infant and parent behaviors. Coders were blind to participant information. Linear mixed model analyses showed no significant group differences in infant or parent behaviors at 5 or 10 months of age (all ps≥0.09, d≤0.36), controlling for infant’s sex and age, and parental educational level. However, without adjustments, EL infants showed fewer and less clear initiations at 10 months than TL infants (p = 0.02, d = 0.44), but statistical significance was lost after controlling for parental education (p = 0.09, d = 0.36), which tended to be lower in the EL group. Consistent with previous literature focusing on parent-infant dyads, our findings suggest that differences between EL and TL dyads may only be subtle during the first year of life. We discuss possible explanations and implications for future developmental studies.
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