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| 2. |
- Nowroozalizadeh, Salma, et al.
(författare)
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Microbial Translocation Correlates with the Severity of Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infections
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1537-6613 .- 0022-1899. ; 201:8, s. 1150-1154
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microbial translocation has been linked to systemic immune activation during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection. Here, we show that an elevated level of microbial translocation, measured as plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration, correlates with AIDS in both individuals infected with HIV type 1 and individuals infected with HIV type 2. LPS concentration also correlates with CD4(+) T cell count and viral load independently of HIV type. Furthermore, elevated plasma LPS concentration was found to be concomitant with defective innate and mitogen responsiveness. We suggest that microbial translocation may contribute to loss of CD4(+) T cells, increase in viral load, and defective immune stimuli responsiveness during both HIV type 1 and HIV type 2 infections.
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| 3. |
- Nowroozalizadeh, Salma, et al.
(författare)
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Reply to Redd et al
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1537-6613 .- 0022-1899. ; 203:5, s. 746-746
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 4. |
- Nowroozalizadeh, Salma, et al.
(författare)
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Studies on toll-like receptor stimuli responsiveness in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections
- 2009
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Ingår i: Cytokine. - : Elsevier BV. - 1096-0023 .- 1043-4666. ; 46:3, s. 325-331
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: HIV-1 and HIV-2 are two related viruses with distinct clinical outcomes, where HIV-1 is more pathogenic and transmissible than HIV-2. The pathogenesis of both infections is influenced by the dysregulation and deterioration of the adaptive immune system. However, their effects on the responsiveness of innate immunity are less well known. Here, we report on toll-like receptor (TLR) stimuli responsiveness in HIV-1 or HIV-2 infections. Methods: Whole blood from 235 individuals living in Guinea-Bissau who were uninfected, infected with HIV-1, infected with HIV-2, and/or infected with HTLV-1, was stimulated with TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists, R-848 and unmethylated CpG DNA. After TLR7/8 and TLR9 stimuli, the expression levels of IL-12 and IFN-alpha were related to gender, age, infection status, CD4(+) T cell counts. and plasma viral load. Results: Defective TLR9 responsiveness was observed in the advanced disease stage, along with CD4(+) T cell loss in both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections. Moreover, TLR7/8 responsiveness was reduced in HIV-1 infected individuals compared with uninfected controls. Conclusions: Innate immunity responsiveness can be monitored by whole blood stimulation. Both advanced HIVA and HIV-2 infections may cause innate immunity dysregulation. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Vinner, Lasse, et al.
(författare)
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Sequence analysis of HIV-1 isolates from Guinea-Bissau: selection of vaccine epitopes relevant in both West African and European countries.
- 2011
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Ingår i: APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 1600-0463. ; 119:8, s. 487-497
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For a CD8 epitope-based vaccine to match different geographic locations, the targeted epitopes for cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) must be present in the local circulating HIV-1 strains. Secondly, the vaccine epitopes should match the host population HLA types. We characterized two new HIV-1 isolates from Guinea-Bissau. Also, we have identified 15 subdominant CD8 epitopes representing common HLA super-types theoretically covering most HLA alleles in any population. Herein we demonstrate that the selected vaccine epitopes are well conserved and simultaneously present in sequences from West Africa and Denmark. Use of the selected epitopes will likely ensure 10 immune targets in the majority of candidates for experimental therapeutic vaccination in both geographic regions. Our results warrant testing of the selected vaccine epitopes in both geographic locations.
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| 6. |
- Özkaya Sahin, Gülsen, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Complement on HIV-2 Plasma Antiviral Activity Is Intratype Specific and Potent
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Virology. - 1098-5514. ; 87:1, s. 273-281
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (HIV-2) infected individuals develop immunodeficiency with a considerable delay and transmit the virus at a lower rate as compared to HIV-1 infected. Conceivably, comparative studies on immune responsiveness of the HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected hosts may help to explain differences in pathogenesis and transmission between the two types of infection. Previous studies have shown that the neutralizing antibody response is more potent and broader in HIV-2 than HIV-1 infection. In the present study we have further examined the function of the humoral immune response and studied the potentiating effect of complement (C') on antiviral activity of plasma from singly HIV-1 or HIV-2 infected, as well as HIV-1/HIV-2 dually infected individuals. Neutralization and antibody-dependent complement-mediated inactivation of HIV-1 and HIV-2 isolates were tested in a plaque reduction assay using U87.CD4-CCR5 cells. Results showed that addition of C' increased intra-type antiviral activity of both HIV-1 and HIV-2 plasma, although the C' effect was more pronounced with HIV-2 than HIV-1 plasma. Using the area-under-curve (AUC)-based readout, multivariate statistical analysis confirmed that type of HIV infection was independently associated with the magnitude of the C' effect. Analysis carried out with purified IgG indicated that the C' effect was largely exerted through the classical C' pathway involving IgG in both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections. In summary, these findings suggest that antibody binding to HIV-2 structures facilitates efficient use of C', and may thereby be one factor contributing to a strong antiviral activity present in HIV-2 infection.
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| 7. |
- Özkaya Sahin, Gülsen, et al.
(författare)
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Potent Intratype Neutralizing Activity Distinguishes Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2) from HIV-1
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Virology. - 1098-5514. ; 86:2, s. 961-971
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- HIV-2 has a lower pathogenicity and transmission rate than HIV-1. Neutralizing antibodies could be contributing to these observations. Here we explored side by side potency and breadth of intratype and intertype neutralizing activity (NAc) in plasma of 20 HIV-1, 20 HIV-2 and 11 dually HIV-1/2 (HIV-D) seropositive individuals from Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. Panels of primary isolates, five HIV-1 and five HIV-2, were tested in a plaque reduction assay using U87.CD4-CCR5 cells as targets. Intratype NAc in HIV-2 plasma was found to be considerably more potent, and also broader, than intratype NAc in HIV-1 plasma. This indicates that HIV-2 infected individuals display potent type-specific neutralizing antibodies, whereas such a strong type-specific antibodies are absent in HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, potency of intratype NAc was positively associated with viral load of HIV-1, but not HIV-2, suggesting that NAc in HIV-1 infection is more antigen stimulation-dependent than in HIV-2 infection where plasma viral loads typically are at least tenfold lower than in HIV-1 infection. Intertype NAc of both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected was instead of low potency. HIV-D subjects had NAc to HIV-2 with similar high potency as singly HIV-2 infected individuals, whereas neutralization of HIV-1 remained poor, indicating that the difference in NAc between HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections depends on the virus itself. We suggest that immunogenicity and/or antigenicity, meaning the neutralization phenotype, of HIV-2 is distinct from HIV-1, and that HIV-2 may display structures that favour triggering of potent neutralizing antibody responses.
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