| 1. |
- Bixby, H., et al.
(författare)
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Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 569:7755, s. 260-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.
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| 2. |
- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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| 3. |
- Shellock, R. J., et al.
(författare)
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Building leaders for the UN Ocean Science Decade : a guide to supporting early career women researchers within academic marine research institutions
- 2023
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Ingår i: ICES Journal of Marine Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1054-3139 .- 1095-9289. ; 80:1, s. 56-75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Diverse and inclusive marine research is paramount to addressing ocean sustainability challenges in the 21st century, as envisioned by the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. Despite increasing efforts to diversify ocean science, women continue to face barriers at various stages of their career, which inhibits their progression to leadership within academic institutions. In this perspective, we draw on the collective experiences of thirty-four global women leaders, bolstered by a narrative review, to identify practical strategies and actions that will help empower early career women researchers to become the leaders of tomorrow. We propose five strategies: (i) create a more inclusive culture, (ii) ensure early and equitable career development opportunities for women ECRs, (iii) ensure equitable access to funding for women ECRs, (iv) offer mentoring opportunities and, (v) create flexible, family-friendly environments. Transformational, meaningful, and lasting change will only be achieved through commitment and collaborative action across various scales and by multiple stakeholders.
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| 4. |
- Ferrer-Balas, D, et al.
(författare)
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An international comparative analysis of sustainability transformation across seven universities
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. - : Emerald. - 1467-6370 .- 1758-6739. ; 9:3, s. 295-316
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the key aspects of transformation of universities towards sustainability, such as the ideal characteristics of the “sustainable university”, and the drivers and barriers in the transformation, by comparing the strategies of seven universities world-wide. Design/methodology/approach – A systems transformation analysis of seven case studies has been applied through a self-evaluation based on the tridimensional Framework-Level-Actors (FLA) method. Findings – The study shows that none of the three dimensions of change is predominant over the others. The main barrier to be overcome is the lack of incentive structure for promoting changes at the individual level. The main drivers for change are the presence of “connectors” with society, the existence of coordination bodies and projects, and the availability of funding, all of which are important for progress. Enhancing interdisciplinarity is a strategic objective at almost all of these universities, while transformative learning is less present. A common characteristic for most of the institutions is establishing and supporting networks of expertise within the universities. These universities show important strategic efforts and initiatives that drive and nucleate change for sustainable development, the result of a combination of drivers. Practical implications – The FLA-method has proved useful for being used at the level of comparing case-studies through a bird's-eye perspective. Originality/value – The paper demonstrates the application of a simple tool that gives a global perspective on transformational strategies used in seven cases world-wide in the search for commonalities and differences.
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| 5. |
- Shellock, Rebecca J., et al.
(författare)
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Breaking down barriers : The identification of actions to promote gender equality in interdisciplinary marine research institutions
- 2022
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Ingår i: One Earth. - : Elsevier BV. - 2590-3330 .- 2590-3322. ; 5:6, s. 687-708
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interdisciplinary research is paramount to addressing ocean sustainability challenges in the 21st century. However, women leaders have been underrepresented in interdisciplinary marine research, and there is little guidance on how to achieve the conditions that will lead to an increased proportion of women scientists in positions of leadership. Here, we conduct in-depth qualitative research to explore the main barriers and enablers to women’s leadership in an academic interdisciplinary marine research context. We found that interdisciplinarity can present unique and additional barriers to women leaders (e.g., complexity and lack of value attributed to interdisciplinary research) and are exacerbated by existing gender-specific issues that women experience (e.g., isolation and underrepresentation and stereotyping). Together these barriers overlap forming the “glass obstacle course”—which is particularly challenging for women in minoritized groups. Here, we provide a list of concrete, ambitious, and actionable enablers that can promote and support women’s leadership in academic interdisciplinary marine research.
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| 8. |
- Ferrer-Wreder, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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The diversity of sexually active teens : Urban American adolescents' sexual debut predicting risk and protection factors
- 2010
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Later sexual debut has been connected to increased psychosocial strengths (Houlihan et al., 2007). These cross-sectional analyses speak to the need to look not only for risks, but also for strengths in sexually active adolescents. We hypothesized that later sexual debut, even among sexually active teens, would be associated with decreased risk and increased protection in individual and relationship factors. Participants (N=280) were 57% male and predominately 96% Black or African American (Mage = 17) sexually active high school students in an urban setting. The U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Youth Survey National Substance Abuse, HIV, and Hepatitis Prevention Initiative Cohort 6 Youth Baseline Questionnaire was used as the primary index. This self report survey has established psychometric properties. In this study, scale scores had good (.68-.85) internal reliability. Scale scores and individual items provided indices of adolescents' sexual debut, HIV and hepatitis knowledge, norms related to drug use, perceived harm associated with drug use, perceived control in risk situations, peer risk (i.e., friends' drug use, antisocial behavior, and sexual activity), as well as the youth's perception of family cohesion. Results showed that relative to participants with an early sexual debut, those with a later debut were more likely to disapprove and perceive more risk associated with drug use, report greater control in risk situations, have fewer 'risky' friends, and know more about hepatitis. SEM analyses (AMOS 17.0) showed similar results. All indices pointed towards good model fit. Parameter estimates indicated that later sexual debut was linked to less peer risk, greater disapproval of drugs, and increased hepatitis knowledge. Results across analyses suggested that sexual debut was important to how these adolescents stood on drug related risk and protective factors, their perceptions of friends, and health knowledge.
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| 10. |
- Ellefson, Merja, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnic Minority Media in Russia, the UK, Germany, Spain, Estonia and the Nordic Countries
- 2016
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Ingår i: ECREA 2016 Abstract Book. - Prague : CZECH-IN, s. r. o.. - 9788090665507 ; , s. 114-114
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our aim is to examine how ethnic minority media emerged and became a factor in the development of media landscapes. What media is minority media? How important are societal contexts in different countries or regions? What key factors, forces and processes shape the minority media landscape? What differences and similarities can be identified, and explained? We discuss media produced by or for ethnic minorities, beginning with the foundation of minority language periodicals, and moving on to radio and television programming. We also discuss representation of ethnic minorities in mainstream media, and ethnic diversity - or lack thereof - in media companies. Finally, the emergence of broadcast media led to demands for minority programming, which has gradually expanded in the wake of migration and recognition of national minorities. Minority media, public or private, is vulnerable in times of economic crisis. Digitalization has opened new possibilities. But, the Internet is dominated by majority languages (Cunliff 2007). In the late 19th century Europe technological innovations and favorable conditions created flourishing press markets. Ethnic or nationalistic activists followed suit, founding the first periodicals. However, multiple changes in borders, state formations and central concepts make it difficult to determine which ethnic groups can be seen as minorities. There are no universal definitions of ‘minority’, ‘indigenous people’ or ’migrants’. The concept of ‘minority’ arose in the aftermath of WWI and signing of first minority treaties (Jackson 1998). But, how do we conceptualize ethnic groups in the 19th century multiethnic conglomerate states? Such states either didn’t have ethnic majorities, or people weren’t conceptualized in that manner. We use the term ‘ethnic minority’, to encompass migrants, national minorities and indigenous people. Some ethnic communities changed status from minority to majority, or vice versa. Estonians, Russians and Finns are examples of this. The countries discussed are Spain, the UK, Germany, Estonia, Russia, and the Nordic countries. Although many minorities live in transnational spaces, the frame of reference is the nation-state. Media markets are in many ways national spaces which affect the markets’ functional and institutional completeness, i.e. the range of media outlets, formats and genres (Moring 2007). Catalans, Basques, Finnish Swedes, and Tatars are examples of minorities with access to the widest range of alternatives. Others have few outlets and the content is primarily news and children’s programs. Some of the languages, such as Nivkh, Evenki, Saami, and Scottish Gaelic, are endangered or at risk. Small ethnic and linguistic communities have difficulty sustaining commercial media outlets. In such cases public service plays an important role.
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