| 1. |
- Franks, Paul W., et al.
(författare)
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Interaction Between Exercise and Genetics in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus : An Epidemiological Perspective
- 2011
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Ingår i: Exercise Genomics. - TOTOWA : Humana Press. - 9781607613541 - 9781607613558 ; , s. 73-100
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous disease characterized by an inability to transport glucose from the blood into the cells. The disease has genetic and lifestyle determinants and probably results from the interaction of these risk factors. While this notion is widely accepted and endorsed, the available evidence is far from concrete. In this chapter the evidence that implicates physical inactivity and common genetic variation in type 2 diabetes risk will be described. Then, the fundamental concepts of gene × exercise interactions in type 2 diabetes will be defined by summarizing the evidence from epidemiological studies and clinical trials that have tested related hypotheses. The penultimate section of this chapter discusses the strengths and limitations of existing studies of interaction and outlines some of the common methodological hurdles inherent when testing hypotheses of gene × exercise interactions. The chapter concludes with a short section looking forward to where this field of research is heading and the possibilities for clinical translation.
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| 2. |
- Franks, Paul W., et al.
(författare)
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Interaction Between Physical Activity and Genetic Factors in Complex Metabolic Disease
- 2008
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Ingår i: Energy Metabolism and Obesity. - Totowa : Humana Press. - 9781588296719 - 9781603271394 ; , s. 155-173
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Obesity and diabetes have become increasingly prevalent during the past century. Concomitant with this rise, the consumption of trans-fatty acids and processed carbohydrates is likely to have increased and physical activity levels declined. However, the rates at which obesity and diabetes have increased differ across people of varying ethnicities living in the same environment, suggesting the presence of interaction between ethnic-specific factors, such as genes, and changing environments and lifestyles. Quantifying these interactions is difficult because the interaction effect is often small, and precise measurement of lifestyle factors, such as diet and habitual physical activity, is difficult. Conventional interaction studies aim to test whether the magnitude of the association between the lifestyle exposures and the disease outcome is different in those who carry the variant allele at a given locus by comparison with those who do not. Because exercising skeletal muscle is a major site for glucose and lipid metabolism, variants in the genes that are located within muscle and that are up-regulated in response to physical activity present interesting candidates for testing in studies of gene x physical activity interaction in diabetes. However, numerous methodological limitations seriously hinder attempts to test such hypotheses. This chapter describes (1) a brief review of studies that provide evidence of gene x physical activity interaction in diabetes (and related traits), (2) functional evidence for interaction between genetic factors and physical activity in metabolic dysregulation, and (3) some common methodological issues that face the study of gene x environment interaction in human populations.
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| 3. |
- Pomeroy, Jeremy, et al.
(författare)
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Gene-lifestyle interactions and their consequences on human health.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Genetics and Sports. - Basel : S. Karger. - 9783805590273 ; , s. 110-135
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our genes are the conduit through which the environment communicates to the cells in our bodies. The responses to these signals include hormonal, metabolic and neurological changes to tissues and organs that manifest as phenotypes - measurable responses to gene transcription and translation. Thus, the health consequences of lifestyle behaviors such as physical activity, which can be broadly defined as 'environmental' exposures, are channeled through our genes. The extent to which these signals are conveyed depends in part on the structure and function of our genome. Hence, even when exposed to the same exercise regimes or doses of physical activity, responses vary markedly from one person to the next; some experience marked changes in disease phenotypes such as lipid and glucose concentrations, adiposity, or blood pressure levels, whilst others appear unresponsive. It is this process that underlies the concept that we will discuss in this chapter, a concept termed gene-lifestyle interaction. The aims of this chapter are (a) to convey to the reader the fundamental principles of gene-lifestyle interaction; (b) to describe the historical basis to this area of research; (c)to explain how understanding gene-lifestyle interactions might enhance our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of disease; (d) to speculate on the ways in which information of gene-lifestyle interactions might eventually facilitate disease prevention, and (e) to overview the published literature which has focused on obesity as an outcome.
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| 4. |
- Qi, Lu, et al.
(författare)
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Nutrigenetics of type 2 diabetes
- 2016
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Ingår i: The genetics of type 2 diabetes and related traits. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319015743 - 9783319015736 - 9783319791289 ; , s. 539-560
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Type 2 diabetes has become a leading health problem throughout the world. The escalating epidemic of type 2 diabetes is believed to result from a collision between inherent biological susceptibilities (genotypes) and a shift toward dietary habits and lifestyle that promote obesity over the past several decades; the transition from "traditional" to modern "obesogenic" lifestyles is characterized by widespread access to highly palatable, nutrient-deficient, and calorie-dense foods and beverages, as well as circumstances that promote sedentary behaviors and inhibit physical activity. In the past decades, a large body of epidemiological studies has associated various dietary factors with type 2 diabetes risk. In the meantime, genetic studies have made great strides in unraveling the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes by identifying more about 100 common genetic loci related to the disease. Nutrigenetics, a relatively new branch of nutrition science, focuses on determining the interplay between dietary exposures and genetic factors in the etiology of many diseases including type 2 diabetes. Even with many hundreds of gene-diet/lifestyle interaction studies on diabetes-related traits published over the past two decades, few examples have been adequately replicated or validated. By contrast, a number of replicated examples of interactions between lifestyle factors (e.g., consumption of sugar sweetened beverages and fried foods and low physical activity and sedentary lifestyles) and genetic factors in obesity (a major risk factor for diabetes) have recently emerged. Further advances are likely to come from the optimization of methods and study designs for nutrigenetic analyses. The development of methods to integrate genetic, transcriptomic, epigenomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data to help define the functional mechanisms that might underlie observations of gene-lifestyle interactions is an especially exciting, yet challenging, area. Nutrigenetic studies hold great promise to inform personalized diet and lifestyle interventions to reduce type 2 diabetes risk and improve human health; however, deriving replicated examples of such interactions and determining how best to translate these findings into public health practice and medical intervention remain major challenges.
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