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- Kaca, Wieslaw, et al.
(author)
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Human complement activation by smooth and rough Proteus mirabilis lipopolysaccharides
- 2009
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In: Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0004-069X .- 1661-4917. ; 57:5, s. 383-391
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Proteus mirabilis bacilli play an important role in human urinary tract infections, bacteremia, and rheumatoid arthritis. The authors previously studied human complement C3 conversion by smooth-form P. mirabilis O10, O23, O30, and O43 lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and showed that smooth Proteus LPSs fragmented C3 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In the present study, one smooth P. mirabilis S1959 and its two polysaccharide-truncated LPSs isolated from an R mutant strain were used to study the C3 conversion. The conversion of C3 to C3c by smooth and rough P. mirabilis LPSs was studied by capture ELISA and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Proteins isolated from the outer membrane were analyzed by discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The smooth P. mirabilis S1959 (O3) strain was resistant to the bactericidal activity of human serum, in contrast to the Ra and Re mutant strains. The presence of an exposed core oligosaccharide in R110 LPS was not sufficient to protect the strain from serum-dependent killing. In addition to LPS structure, the outer-membrane proteins may also play roles in protecting the smooth P. mirabilis S1959 (O3) strain from the bactericidal action of serum. It was shown that the Ra P. mirabilis R110 and the Re P. mirabilis R45 mutants possess very different OMP compositions from that of the P. mirabilis S 1959 strain. Regardless of the complement resistance of the P. mirabilis strains, the S1959, R110, and R45 LPSs fragmented C3 and induced C3c neo-antigen exposure. The use of complement-deficient human serum allows the conclusion that the Re-type P. mirabilis R45 LPS fragmented C3 by the antibody-independent classical pathway.
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- Kaiser, A., et al.
(author)
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Pharmaceutical consumption patterns in four coastal regions of the South Baltic Sea : Germany, Sweden, Poland and Lithuania
- 2019
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This report of MORPHEUS Project Partners documents the outcome of WP3 – consumption patterns. Herein, the project aims to identify and quantify the emission of selected pharmaceuticals especially discharged via wastewater of WWTP. A comprehensive data research was performed and prioritized pharmaceutical consumption loads have been calculated for the model areas in Lithuania, Poland, Sweden and Germany. The outcome of this report can be summarized in the following key facts:1. Consumption data is based on either sales data of wholesalers/pharmacies or data from health care institutions. The unit of consumption is number of reimbursed packages andDDD, respectively.2. The resolution and data coverage (only partly including OTC, hospital etc.) is country- specific: The best time-resolution was found in Poland (monthly), the best spatial resolution in Lithuania (population group <3000).3. Country-specific consumption was comparable by a developed value intake load per inhabitant per year.4. For Swedish and German data, a comparison of different distributing sites of pharmaceuticals was possible (over the counter sales, application in hospitals, prescriptions/pharmacies).5. For Lithuanian data, the high spatial resolution enabled a potential correlation with the local demographic data in regard of consumption of beta blocking pharmaceuticals.6. For Polish data, a seasonal variation can be clearly shown for antibiotics.7. For German data, an accumulation within the river catchment shows that a complete picture of the whole system is essential to understand the actual burden of pharmaceuticals in the environment.8. Comparing the model areas, all results have been in the same order of magnitude more or less depending on consumption and doses. Metformin and diverse analgesics revealed high intake loads. In general, mostly German intake loads exceed the others which may lies in the fact that the selection of pharmaceuticals is mostly based on German literature and statistics due to availability/accessibility. An adjustment to each country-specific list may lead to other results.9. Some substances remain unclear: Contrast media and hormones are still a matter of burden to the environment but caused some difficulties during data collection andresearch.
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