| 1. |
- Ducoing, Cristián, et al.
(författare)
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Machines and Energy. Energy Capital ratios in Europe and Latin America 1875 - 1970
- 2019
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1750-2837 .- 0358-5522. ; 67:1, s. 31-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relationship between energy and capital is one of the most important aspects of modern economic growth. Machines need energy to produce all the goods we enjoy; energy would be far less useful for humankind in absence of machines. However, the great majority of the economic models do not take into account the elasticities of substitution (or complementaries) between these two main variables. Actually, energy is absent in many growth models and discussions on diverging economic development paths. We approach this relevant issue from a new perspective: energy and capital relations during 100 years. We use the latest estimations of capital stock (machinery and equipment) and energy consumption for Latin America and compare them with those of Western Europe. The energy–capital ratio (how much energy is used per unit of capital) could be a predictor of economic growth, thus providing stylised facts about the timing and causes of the different modernisation patterns of these regions and showing us some answers on the long-run relationship between energy consumption and capital accumulation.
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| 2. |
- Gales, Ben, et al.
(författare)
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North versus South: Energy transition and energy intensity in Europe over 200 years
- 2007
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Ingår i: European Review of Economic History. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1474-0044 .- 1361-4916. ; 11:2, s. 219-253
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper examines energy consumption in Sweden, Holland, Italy and Spain over 200 years, including both traditional and modern energy car-riers. The article is based on totally new series of energy consumption in-cluding traditional carriers along with modern sources. Our main purposes are a closer examination of the process of the energy transition in Europe and a revision of the prevailing idea of there being, over the long run, an inverted U-curve in energy intensity. Changes in energy consumption are decomposed into effects from population growth, economic growth and energy intensity. The results on energy intensity challenge previous suggestions of most scholars. An inverted U curve does not exist whenever we include traditional sources of energy in our analysis.
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| 3. |
- Hölsgens, Rick, et al.
(författare)
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Machines, energy and economic growth : energy capital ratios in Europe and Latin America 1875 - 1970
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relationship between energy and capital is one of the most important relationships of modern economic growth. Machines need energy to produce all the goods we enjoy; energy without machinery is useless. However, the great majority of the economic models do not take into account the elasticities of substitution (or complementaries) between these two main variables. Actually, energy is absent in many growth models and discussions on diverging economic development paths. We approach this relevant issue from a new perspective: energy and capital relations during 100 years. We use the latest estimations of capital stock (machinery and equipment) and energy consumption for Latin America and compare them with those of Western Europe. The energy capital ratio (how much energy is used per unit of capital) could be a predictor of economic growth, thus providing some answers about the timing and causes of the different modernisation patterns of these regions and showing us some answers about the long run relationship between energy consumption and capital accumulation.
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