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Sökning: WFRF:(Gao Chuansi) > Luleå tekniska universitet

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1.
  • Abeysekera, John, et al. (författare)
  • The identification of factors in the systematic evaluation of slip prevention on icy surfaces
  • 2001
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. - 0169-8141 .- 1872-8219. ; 28:5, s. 303-313
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Slips and falls on icy roads often result in fractures or sprains and is a major problem in Nordic countries. Walking trials by 25 subjects wearing four types of winter shoes on five different icy walking surfaces provided subjective and objective measures of tendency to slip and number of slips, respectively. Since friction is a major determinant of a slip, the influence of material spread on icy surfaces, the surface temperatures and the shoe soling characteristics versus the Coefficient of Friction (COF) of the shoes were measured. Sand and gravel on icy roads had positive effects on improving COF. The study revealed that the aetiology of slips and falls is multi-faceted and attempts to solve the problem must adopt a systems approach. Perception of risk, aging, training, experience and postural balance are other factors to be considered in preventing slips and falls. Future research should concentrate on the degree of impact of each factor to the aetiology of slips and falls, which can help to decide priority action in preventing slips and falls.
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2.
  • Gao, Chuansi, et al. (författare)
  • A systems perspective of slip and fall accidents on icy and snowy surfaces
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Ergonomics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0014-0139 .- 1366-5847. ; 47:5, s. 573-598
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Current research on slips and falls has mainly focused on floors and/or contaminated floors. Although icy and snowy surfaces near melting temperature are more slippery, more important still, slip and falls on icy and snowy surfaces involve not only outdoor workers, but also pedestrians and the general public; and occur in cold regions and in the winter season in many parts of the world. However, in comparison with the size of the problem, research work done so far in this area has been limited. The objective of this paper is to present a systems perspective of slip and fall accidents, with special focus on its occurrence on icy and snowy surfaces. In order to explore the aetiology of slip and fall accidents further, and to provide the basis for prevention, the authors put forward a systems model towards the slips and falls on icy and snowy surfaces based on a review of literature and current knowledge. Various contributing factors are systematically discussed to highlight the multi-factorial nature of the problem, providing the possibility of a multi-faceted approach to reach systematic prevention. Unresolved issues related to slips and falls on ice and snow are also identified, which necessitate further research.
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3.
  • Gao, Chuansi, et al. (författare)
  • Gait muscle activity during walking on an inclined icy surface
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Industrial Health. - : National Institute of Industrial Health. - 1880-8026 .- 0019-8366. ; 46:1, s. 15-22
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The objective of this study was to explain the contribution of lower extremity muscle activity to gait kinetic and kinematic adaptations for maintaining gait dynamic balance when walking on an inclined icy surface and the biomechanical mechanisms used to counteract slip risk. A two-way factorial experimental design was applied. The two independent variables were the walkway surface (ice and treadmill) and the walkway inclination (0º, 6º, 8º). The dependent variable was the amplitude of the surface EMG of four right lower extremity muscles (tibialis anterior TA, gastrocnemius lateralis GL, rectus femoris RF, and biceps femoris BF). Twelve healthy subjects (7 males and 5 females) participated in the walking trials. A two-way ANOVA analysis showed that on the icy surface in the heel contact phase, EMG amplitudes significantly decreased in TA and RF compared to those for the treadmill surface. In the mid-stance phase, the GL muscle activity significantly decreased on ice compared to treadmill and all four muscle activities increased significantly with the inclination. During the toe off phase, GL and RF activities increased with the inclination. The mechanisms identified may be applied to develop intervention, rehabilitation and training techniques, and to improve performance in human locomotion, such as for winter sports.
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4.
  • Gao, Chuansi (författare)
  • Identification and evaluation of slip and fall risk on ice and snow
  • 2001
  • Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Roads and pavements covered with ice and snow during winter in the Nordic and other cold regions are slippery, which result in the prevalence of slip and fall accidents among not only the public, but also outdoor workers. Literature and injury statistics revealed that the most frequently specified contributory factor for occupational slip, trip and fall accidents in Sweden is snow and ice. Road accident research showed that the largest numbers of traffic casualties occurred during walking, followed by cycling and vehicle transporting. The cost to the community of providing medical treatment to victims of pedestrian injuries resulting from slipping is far greater than that of keeping walking surfaces free from ice and snow. However, in comparison with the size of the problem, little research has been carried out to identify and evaluate slip and fall risk on icy surfaces. Objectives are to present a systems perspective of slip and fall accident, to measure, evaluate and compare the coefficient of friction (COF) of footwear on ice and lubricated floor, to identify advantages of walking experience on icy surface and participating in winter sport in preventing slip and fall accidents, to develop subjective evaluation method for slipperiness measurement and usability assessment of footwear product, to systematically assess the integration of slip resistance, thermal insulation, and usability of footwear, to ascertain the anti-slip effect of materials spread on ice by user trials, and to explore the incorporated approach towards the design of footwear for use on icy surfaces. The following methods of collecting data were used in studies of this thesis: 1) direct observation, 2) videotaping, 3) human perception rating scale, 4) objective COF measurements, 5) retrospective cross-sectional epidemiological study by questionnaire. a systems model involving potential factors was proposed based on a comprehensive literature review (study I). Comparison of objective evaluation of footwear slipperiness on ice and oily floor was used to examine the frictional performance on different underfoot surfaces (study II). Epidemiological survey of slip and fall accidents was carried out focusing on individual experience, winter participation, severity of injuries, footwear, and underfoot surface conditions (study III). Subjective rating scale was developed and used to assess the perception of slip and fall risk and the usability of footwear used on various icy surfaces including anti slip materials spread on ice (study IV). The integration of multiple protection function and usability into winter footwear was also assessed (study IV). A systematic analysis of the slips and falls on icy and snowy surfaces showed that the etiology of slips and falls is multi-faceted. The COF on ice by objective measurements at 0ºC is much lower than that at -12ºC and that on stainless steel. Polyurethane soling material did not provide sufficient friction on wet ice at least when new (without abrasion), although superior on lubricated floors. The footwear tested including winter footwear, professional footwear, safety footwear, and footwear deemed to be slip resistant by users and manufacturers did not provide sufficient protection against slips and falls on wet ice at around 0ºC. Accordingly, slip and fall risk is higher on wet ice than on dry ice and lubricated floor. Slip and fall events reduced with increased living experience in cold environments and winter sport participation. Newcomers with no or less experience were prone to falling, and therefore they should be well informed of potential slip and fall hazards upon arrival in cold region. Slip resistance, thermal insulation and usability of footwear tested were not properly integrated. In addition to thermal insulation, prevention of slip and fall hazard by improving anti-slip property and usability must also be priorities for development of footwear for use in cold environments. Based on the findings, anti-slip footwear, measurement methods for slipperiness on ice and snow, related standards, the role of gait biomechanics and task-related factors should be further developed and studied.
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5.
  • Gao, Chuansi, et al. (författare)
  • Perception of slipperiness, thermal comfort and wearability of footwear used on icy surfaces
  • 2000
  • Ingår i: Ergonomics for the new Millenium. - : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. - 0945289138 ; , s. 522-525
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The objectives of this study are to assess the perception of slipperiness, thermal comfort, and wearability of footwear used on icy surfaces, and the anti-slip effect of materials spread on ice using outdoor walking trials. Twenty-five subjects wore four types of footwear walking on five different icy surfaces. A five-point rating scale was used recording wearer's perception. The results showed that pure ice was perceived as very slippery. Spreading sand (180 g/m2) greatly decreased the slipperiness. Slip resistance, thermal insulation and wearability of footwear chosen were not properly integrated, and were ranked differently in four types of footwear. In addition to thermal insulation, prevention of slip and fall hazard by improving anti-slip property and wearability must also be priorities for development of footwear for use in a cold climate.
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6.
  • Gao, Chuansi (författare)
  • Slip and fall risk on ice and snow : identification, evaluation and prevention
  • 2004
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Slip and fall accidents and associated injuries on ice and snow are prevalent among outdoor workers and the general public in winter in many regions of the world. To understand and tackle this multi-factorial problem, a multidisciplinary approach was used to identify and evaluate slip and fall risks, and to propose recommendations for prevention of slips and falls on icy and snowy surfaces. Objectives were to present a systems perspective of slip and fall accidents and related risk factors; to evaluate the integration of slip resistance, thermal insulation, and usability of footwear by subjective trials. Further, to study the interaction mechanisms between footwear soling material and ice; to investigate and describe the relationship of ice and snow living experience and participation in winter sports with slips and falls; and to explain the role and mechanisms of lower extremity muscles in maintaining gait dynamic balance on inclined icy surface. The following methods were applied: 1) a systematic analysis of multiple risk factors through literature review; 2) direct observation; 3) videotaping; 4) subjective evaluations of slipperiness, thermal comfort and usability using rating scales; 5) a tribological study of the Coefficient of Friction (COF); 6) a questionnaire survey to identify and evaluate risk factors related to slips and falls; 7) a biomechanical study of human locomotion on ice. A systematic analysis of slips and falls on icy and snowy surfaces made it possible to use a multi-faceted approach to evaluation and prevention. The slip resistance, thermal insulation and usability of footwear tested were not suitably integrated, indicating the need of improving anti-slip properties and usability of footwear for use in cold environments. The artificially abrasive wear of soling materials improved slip resistance on hard ice, but not on melting ice. When comparing hard ice, melting ice and lubricated steel surfaces, the highest slip resistance was observed on hard ice, then on lubricated steel plate. Melting ice was most slippery. Curling footwear with crepe rubber soling showed significantly higher COF than other types. The footwear tested included winter footwear, professional footwear, safety footwear, and footwear considered to be slip resistant by manufacturers did not provide adequate protection against slips and falls on melting ice. Thus, additional measures should be taken to reduce slip and fall risk on melting ice. Slip and fall events declined with increased living experience in cold environments and winter sports participation. Biomechanical studies showed both increased and decreased magnitudes of gait muscle activities (EMG) at different gait phases and a generating of cautious gait strategies with an anticipated icy surface. These findings provided insights into how the proactive kinetic and kinematic adjustments of gait are achieved and the control mechanisms of stabilizing gait and posture through certain muscle activities when ascending on an icy slope. The mechanisms identified may be applied to develop intervention, rehabilitation and training techniques, which prevent slip and fall risks and associated injuries on icy surfaces and to improve performance in human locomotion, e.g., for winter sports. Measurement methods of slipperiness on ice and snow, related standards, task-related factors, slip resistant footwear, and intervention programs should be further studied and developed.
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7.
  • Gao, Chuansi, et al. (författare)
  • Slip resistant properties of footwear on ice
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Ergonomics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0014-0139 .- 1366-5847. ; 47:6, s. 710-716
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Current research on slipperiness of footwear has mainly focused on floors and lubricated floors. Slips and falls on icy and snowy surfaces involve not only outdoor workers, but also pedestrians and the general public; and occur in cold regions and in winter season in many parts of the world. However, in comparison with the size of the problem, research on slips and falls on icy and snowy surfaces has been scarce. The objective of this paper is to explore the slip resistant properties of footwear (soling materials, roughness and hardness) on ice. The coefficients of kinetic friction of four different soling materials (synthetic rubber, nitrile rubber, natural rubber and polyurethane) were measured on ice (-12°C). The outsole roughness and hardness were also measured. Results showed that the polyurethane soling did not perform better than synthetic rubber, nitrile rubber and natural rubber on pure hard ice (-12°C). Soling roughness was positively correlated with the coefficient of kinetic friction. The most slip resistant soling material (polyurethane) on floors and lubricated floors may not provide sufficient slip resistance on ice.
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8.
  • Gao, Chuansi, et al. (författare)
  • Slips and falls on ice and snow in relation to experience in winter climate and winter sport
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Safety Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-7535 .- 1879-1042. ; 42:6, s. 537-545
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The objective of this paper was to investigate whether living experience in winter climate and winter sport helps to prevent slips and falls on ice and snow. A questionnaire survey was conducted among foreigners at Luleå University of Technology of Sweden, where winter season lasts for six months in a year. Seventy respondents replied. The results of ordinal regression showed that the slip frequency according to a 5-point rating scale decreased as the living experience in cold environments increased (B=-0.0113, p=0.019). A logistic regression was applied to model the probability of fall events occurrence based on the experience of living in cold climate. The results showed that the fall events reduced as living experience increased (B=-0.030, p=0.001). Chi-square test showed that fall events in those who took part in winter sport were significantly less than in those who did not participate in winter sport (χ2=10.745, p=0.001). The findings imply that experience of living in cold environments and training in gait balance on ice and snow can have positive effects in preventing slips and falls for inexperienced workers and pedestrians. This study also revealed that the majority of fall events happened on hard ice covered with snow while wearing ordinary winter footwear, indicating the need to improve slip resistance.
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9.
  • Gao, Chuansi, et al. (författare)
  • The assessment of the integration of slip resistance, thermal insulation and wearability of footwear on icy surfaces
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: Safety Science. - 0925-7535 .- 1879-1042. ; 40:7-8, s. 613-624
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Prevention of slip hazard in frozen environments is not paid much attention. Current winter and safety footwear does not provide sufficient slip resistance and appropriate wearability for use on icy surfaces. The objectives of this study were to assess the integration of slip resistance, thermal insulation, and wearability of footwear used on icy surfaces, and the anti-slip effect of materials spread on ice using outdoor walking trials. Twenty-five subjects wore four types of footwear walking on five different icy surfaces. A five-point rating scale was used recording wearer's perceptions of slipperiness, thermal comfort and wearability. The results showed that pure ice was perceived as very slippery. Spreading sand (180 g/m(2)) greatly decreased the slipperiness. Slip resistance, thermal insulation and wearability of footwear tested were not properly integrated, and were ranked differently. The tested winter and safety footwear did not provide Sufficient slip resistance and good wearability. In addition to thermal insulation, prevention of slip and fall hazard by improving anti-slip property and wearability must also be priorities for development of footwear for use in cold climate.
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10.
  • Gao, Chuansi, et al. (författare)
  • The effect of footwear sole abrasion on the coefficient of friction on melting and hard ice
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the XVI Annual International Occupational Ergonomics and Safety Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 10-13 June 2002.. - : International Society for Occupational Ergonomics and Safety.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Footwear sole wear by natural use or artificial abrasion either increases or decreases slip resistance on floors or lubricated floors. The objectives of this paper were to study the effect of footwear sole abrasive wear on slip resistance on ice with respect to temperature, and to compare with the slip resistance on lubricated steel plate
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  • Resultat 1-10 av 13

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