| 1. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Person-Centered Care
- 2018
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Ingår i: V. Zeigler-Hill & T. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. - Cham, Switzerland : Springer.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Person-centered care is a model for health care that involves a biopsychosocial approach on health (physical, psychological, and social) and the person (body, mind, and psyche; Cloninger, 2004, 2013ab) through the alliance between the one giving care and the one seeking care as equal partners. One of the main aims is to implement a process that goes beyond the diagnostic formulation of identifying a disease state or ill-health, that is, a process of total health status, including ill-being and well-being (Mezzich et al., 2016). A second main aim is to empower the person seeking care to make self-directed informed choices to promote well-being in all planes of her/his life by including her/his subjective narratives, values, and meanings of illness and health as well as personal preferences and choices in treatment and care (Wong & Cloninger, 2010). A third main aim is the promotion of a working alliance in the health care process (Rogers, 1946; Kitwood & Bredin, 1992). This alliance includes the health care personnel, the person seeking the care, significant others, and also other community stakeholders involved in the health care of the person.
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| 2. |
- Sanmartín, Ricardo, et al.
(författare)
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Affective Latent Profiles and Personality Dimensions in Spanish Children
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Affective Profiles Model - 20 Years of Research and Beyond. - Cham : Springer. ; , s. 145-158
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: During the last years, the affective profiles model has been applied to study individual differences among Spanish children in psychological characteristics, such as optimism and pessimism. This research has replicated past studies from adult and adolescent Swedish populations by identifying four profiles using clustering methods on self-reports of children’s experience of positive (PA) and negative affect (NA): self-fulfilling (high PA and low NA), high affective (high PA and high NA), low affective (low PA and NA), and self-destructive (low PA and high NA). Nevertheless, only a few studies have investigated individual differences in personality using the affective profiles model as the framework, none of them among children. Personality is, for instance, a topic with an important impact on child development. Moreover, more advanced person-centred techniques for the clustering of profiles need to be tested to confirm these observed patterns of affectivity or profiles. Aims: Our aims were the identification of affective profiles through latent class analysis (LCA) and to test individual differences in personality between children with these distinct affective profiles. Methods: The Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule for Children-Short Form (PANAS-C-SF) was used to assess positive and negative affect and the Big-Five Questionnaire for Children (BFQ-C) to measures the traits of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. These instruments were administered to a sample of 533 Spanish children aged between 8 and 11 (M = 9.77; SD = 1.09). LCA was used to identify the affective profiles and multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) to study differences in personality traits between children with distinct affective profiles. Results: Three, rather than four, affective latent profiles were identified: self-fulfilling, self-destructive, and neutral affective profile (characterised by neutral scores both in PA and in NA, that is, neither high nor low). The children with a self-fulfilling profile reported the highest scores in Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness in comparison with the rest of the profiles, whereas the children with a self-destructive profile reported higher scores in Neuroticism in comparison with children with a self-fulfilling profile. Conclusions: We verified a three affective profile distribution through LCA, including a new group characterised by neutral affect. Moreover, adaptive personality traits (high Extraversion, high Openness, high Agreeableness, high Conscientiousness, and low Neuroticism) were found to be related to children with a self-fulfilling profile, whereas maladaptive personality traits (e.g. high Neuroticism) were related to children with a self-destructive profile. We suggest that these findings need to be considered in the creation of person-centred programmes for children that aim to promote well-being, welfare, and positive affect and to reduce stress and negative affect.
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| 3. |
- Amato, Clara, et al.
(författare)
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Regulatory Mode
- 2018
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. - Cham, Switzerland : Springer. - 9783319246109
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Regulatory Mode of conduct is the way individuals tend to regulate themselves when striving after determinate goals or way of doing activities. According to Regulatory Mode Theory, developed by Kruglanski and colleagues (2000), there are two different and independent regulatory modes or functions of self-regulation: assessment and locomotion. Assessment is "the comparative aspect of self-regulation concerned with critically evaluating entities or states, such as goals or means, in relation to alternatives in order to judge relative quality" (Kruglanski, Thompson, Higgins, Atash, Pierro, Shah & Spiegel, 2000, p. 794). Locomotion is the aspect of self-regulation concerned with "movement from state to state and with committing the psychological resources that will initiate and maintain goal-related movement in a straightforward and direct manner, without undue distractions or delays" (Kruglanski, Thompson, Higgins, Atash, Pierro, Shah & Spiegel, 2000, p. 794).
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| 4. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(författare)
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Focus upon Aberrant N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors Systems
- 2016
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Ingår i: R. M. Kostrzewa & T. Archert (Eds.), Neurotoxin Modeling of Brain Disorders – Life-long Outcomes in Behavioral Teratology, Volume 29 of the series Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences.. - Amsterdam : Springer. - 9783319341347 ; , s. 295-311
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) pathophysiology persists in an obscure manner with complex interactions between symptoms, staging, interventions, genes, and environments. Only on the basis of increasing incidence of the disorder, the need for understanding is greater than ever. The notion of an imbalance between central inhibitory/excitatory neurotransmitters is considered to exert an essential role. In this chapter, we first review how the default mode network functions and dysfunction in individuals diagnosed with ADHD. We also present and briefly review some of the animal models used to examine the neurobiological aspects of ADHD. There is much evidence indicating that compounds/interventions that antagonize/block glutamic acid receptors and/or block the glutamate signal during the "brain growth spurt" or in the adult animal may induce functional and biomarker deficits. Additionally, we present evidence suggesting that animals treated with glutamate blockers at the period of the "brain growth spurt" fail to perform the exploratory activity, observed invariably with control mice, that is associated with introduction to a novel environment (the test cages). Later, when the control animals show less locomotor and rearing activity, i.e., interest in the test cages, the MK-801, ketamine and ethanol treated mice showed successively greater levels of locomotion and rearing (interest), i.e., they fail to "habituate" effectively, implying a cognitive dysfunction. These disturbances of glutamate signaling during a critical period of brain development may contribute to the ADHD pathophysiology. As a final addition, we have briefly identified new research venues in the interaction between ADHD, molecular studies, and personality research.
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| 5. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(författare)
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Physical Exercise Improves Cognition in Brain Disorders: Alzheimer's Disease
- 2015
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Ingår i: Farooqui, T., & Farooqui, A. A. (2015). Diet and Exercise in Cognitive Function and Neurological Diseases. - New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. - 9781118840559 ; , s. 175-181
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Physical exercise impacts upon several aspects of psychological and somatic health, cognitive performance, emotional regulation, brain structure and function, and the integrity of a wide range of biomarkers linked to molecular systems important for maintaining neural function and plasticity. Manifestations of the essential beneficial influence upon neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders have been described, as well as in conditions of brain damage and neurodevelopmental disruption. Several studies have addressed the influence of exercise upon expressions of disorders associated with epilepsy and conditions linked to neuroimmune functioning. Evidence from several perspectives has reinforced the notion that exercise intervention ought to be integrated with conventional therapies for the improvement of brain function and resistance to neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders in addition to offering a complementary non-pharmacological, noninvasive alternative.
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| 6. |
- Chukwuorji, JohnBosco Chika, et al.
(författare)
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Nigerian Teachers’ Affective Profiles and Workplace Behavior
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Affective Profiles Model - 20 Years of Research and Beyond. - Cham : Springer. ; , s. 245-267
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The teaching profession is considered as one of the most highly stressful professions. Indeed, teachers from many countries report high levels of stress and low levels of subjective well-being (e.g., low levels of positive affect and high levels of negative affect). In this context, a teachers’ affective profile might be an indication of their vulnerability for falling into counterproductive workplace behavior or their ability to let go of transgressions at work (i.e., forgiveness). Aim: We aimed to investigate the association between teachers’ affectivity (positive and negative affect) and workplace behavior. More specifically, we investigated if Nigerian teachers with different affective profiles use distinct strategies when influencing their superiors (Study 1) and if they differ in forgiveness at work and counterproductive workplace behavior (Study 2). Methods: In both studies, the teachers answered to the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule. In Study 1, 208 teachers from 8 secondary schools in the Nsukka urban area of Enugu state, Nigeria, answered to the Strategies of Upward Influence measure, which assesses three types of behaviors toward upward influence tactics at work: organizational beneficial, self-indulgent, and destructive behaviors. In Study 2, 319 rural public secondary school teachers from 8 schools under the Obollo-Afor Educational Zone of the Post-primary Schools Management Board (PPSMB) in Enugu state, Nigeria, answered to the Workplace Forgiveness Scale and the Counterproductive Work Behavior Checklist. We calculated the percentiles for participants’ positive and negative affect scores to categorize them as high and low in each affectivity dimension. By combining high/low positive affect and negative affect, we assigned each of the participants into one of the four affective profiles: self-fulfilling (high positive affect/low negative affect), high affective (high positive affect/high negative affect), low affective (low positive affect/low negative affect), and self-destructive (low positive affect/high negative affect). Besides common linear analyses, we also focused on matched comparisons or differences between profiles that are similar in one affective dimension and differ in the other. Results: In Study 1, we found that high negative affect was associated to individuals’ tendency to destructive behavior at the workplace only when positive affect was also high (t = 2.19, df = 108, p < 0.05; Cohen’s d = 0.41). In Study 2, we found that both positive affect and negative affect were moderately associated to forgiveness at work and counterproductive work behavior. For high positive affect, the strongest relationship to forgiveness at work (t = 2.93, df = 150, p < 0.01; Cohen’s d = 0.48) and counterproductive work behavior (t = −4.09, df = 150, p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 0.66) was when negative affect was also high. For high negative affect, the strongest relationship to forgiveness at work (t = −3.27, df = 150, p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 0.53) and counterproductive work behavior (t = 5.18, df = 150, p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 0.84) was when positive affect was low. Conclusions: High negative affect was associated to individuals’ tendency to, for example, spread rumors about someone to advance at work and other malevolent tendencies, only when positive affect was also high. On the other hand, independently of individuals’ experience of high or low levels of negative affect, high levels of positive affect led to greater forgiveness toward offenders at work and to less counterproductive behavior. Likewise, independently of individuals’ experience of high or low levels of positive affect, high levels of negative affect led to less forgiveness toward offenders at work and to more counterproductive behavior. Hence, subjective well-being interventions among teachers might help to create a better work climate for them, their colleagues, and their students.
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| 7. |
- Cloninger, Kevin M., et al.
(författare)
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Cloninger, C. Robert
- 2019
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Ingår i: V. Zeigler-Hill & T. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. - : Springer. - 9783319246109
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Claude Robert Cloninger (born April 4, 1944) is an American psychiatrist and geneticist noted for his research on the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual foundation of both mental health and mental illness. He holds the Wallace Renard Professorship of Psychiatry, is professor of psychology and genetics, and serves as director of the Sansone Family Center for Well-Being at Washington University in St. Louis. Cloninger is a member of the evolutionary, neuroscience, and statistical genetics programs of the Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences at Washington University, and is recognized as an expert clinician in the treatment of general psychopathology, substance dependence, and personality disorders. He is also an adjunct professor at the Blekinge Center of Competence, the research and development unit in the county of Blekinge, Sweden. In his most recent research Cloninger and his research team have succeeded in identifying nearly all the genes for human personality (Zwir et al., 2018ab). Since human personality is highly complex and the strongest predictor of our physical, mental, and social health overall as well as the actual cause of most mortality and chronic disease, these revolutionary findings might make it possible to understand the basic mechanisms that influence our emotions as well as the way we can self-regulate our feelings, goals, and values in order to live healthy and satisfying lives. This recent finding by Cloninger and his research team could provide a foundation for a systematic understanding of the complex molecular and brain processes that regulate human health and well-being.
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| 8. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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A Collective Picture of What Makes People Happy: Words Representing Social Relationships, not Money, are Recurrent with the Word ‘Happiness’ in Online Newspapers
- 2016
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Ingår i: G. Riva, B. K. Wiederhold, & P. Cipresso (Eds.), The Psychology of Social Networking. Identity and Relationships in Online Communities Vol. 2. - : DeGruyter Open. - 9783110473780 ; , s. 4-16, s. 4-16
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Internet allows people to freely navigate through news and use that information to reinforce or support their own beliefs in, for example, different social networks. In this chapter we suggest that the representation of current predominant views in the news can be seen as collective expressions within a society. Seeing that the notion of what makes individuals happy has been of increasing interest in recent decades, we analyze the word happiness in online news. We first present research on the co-occurrence of the word happiness with other words in online newspapers. Among other findings, words representing people (e.g., “mom”, “grandmother”, “you”/”me”, “us”/”them”) often appear with the word happiness. Words like “iPhone”, “millions” and “Google” on the other hand, almost never appear with the word for happiness. Secondly, using words with predefined sets of psycholinguistic characteristics (i.e., word-norms measuring social relationships, money, and material things) we further examine differences between sets of articles including the word happiness (“happy” dataset) and a random set (“neutral” dataset) of articles not including this word. The results revealed that the “happy” dataset was significantly related to social relationships word-norm, while the “neutral” dataset was related to the money word-norm. However, the “happy” dataset was also related to the material things word-norm. In sum, there is a relatively coherent understanding among members of a society concerning what makes us happy: relationship, not money; meanwhile there is a more complex relationship when it comes to material things. The semantic method used here, which is particularly suitable for analyzing big data, seems to be able to quantify collective ideas in online news that might be expressed through different social networks.
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| 9. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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A Mad Max World or What About Morality? : Moral Identity and Subjective Well-Being in Indonesia
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Affective Profiles Model. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031242199 - 9783031242229 - 9783031242205 ; , s. 111-125, s. 111-125
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Global climate change is expected to significantly increase temperatures in Indonesia by 2030. Thus, the Indonesian people’s physical, psychological, and social well-being is at stake. In such conditions, a self-transcendent moral identity is expected to promote adaptation and survival in harmony with the world around and to well-being (Cloninger, Mens Sana Monograph 11:16–24, 2013). In this context, past studies in Western societies addressing affectivity as patterns of information within a complex adaptive system (i.e., profiles based on high/low positive/negative affect) have helped to discern which individuals might be able to regulate their subjective well-being and health even in difficult situations. The fact that moral identity is associated with personality traits that are strongly associated with subjective well-being indicates that individuals with distinct affective profiles (i.e., self-fulfilling, high affective, low affective, and self-destructive) should differ with regard to moral identity.Aim: Our aim was to investigate the association between moral identity and subjective well-being in the framework of the affective profiles model in an Indonesian convenience sample.Methods: In the present study, a total of 336 Indonesians self-reported affect, moral identity, temporal life satisfaction (i.e., past, present, and future), and harmony in life. We calculated the percentiles for participants’ positive and negative affect scores and combined them as high and low in order to assign each participant into one of the four affective profiles. Besides common linear correlations, we also conducted matched comparisons: individuals with similar levels of affect in one dimension and different levels in the other.Results: The matched comparisons showed that high positive affect was positively associated with moral identity only when negative affect was low and that high negative affect was negatively associated with moral identity only when positive affect was high. Moreover, high positive affect was positively related to high levels of harmony in life independently of negative affect levels. Consequentially, high negative affect was negatively related to low levels of harmony in life independently of positive affect levels. In addition, high positive affect was positively associated with past, present, future, and total temporal life satisfaction, but only when negative affect was low. Furthermore, both present and total temporal life satisfaction was negatively associated with high levels of negative affect, but only when positive affect was also high.Conclusions: At the general level, affectivity and moral identity were related to the social component of subjective well-being, harmony in life, rather than to its cognitive component, life satisfaction. High levels of positive affect seem to promote a high moral self-presentation, while high levels of negative affect in combination with high levels of positive affect might influence the individual to see these specific moral traits as disadvantageous. Even the results regarding life satisfaction partially supported that, in the Indonesian culture, individuals with a high affective profile seem to be at greater risk in the face of current and future challenges. Hence, in contrast to past studies in Western cultures, increases in negative affect, which is likely to happen under stressful situations during climate crises, might lead to low moral identity if the individual is high in positive affect.
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| 10. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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A Ternary Model of Personality: Temperament, Character, and Identity
- 2020
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Ingår i: Statistical Semantics - Methods and Applications. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030372491 - 9783030372507
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human beings are definitely storytellers capable of travel back and forward in time. We not only construct stories about ourselves, but also share these with others (McAdams and McLean 2013). We construct and internalize an evolving and integrative story for life, that is, a narrative identity (Singer 2004). However, the life story is just one of three layers of personality that are in a dynamical complex interaction, the other two being temperamental dispositions and goals and values (McAdams and Manczak 2011) or what Cloninger (2004) defines as temperament and character. The use of language, that is, words and their meaning or semantic content, to understand a person’s identity is definitely not new. On basis of the psycholexical hypothesis, for example, relevant and prominent features of personality are encoded in natural language (John et al. 1988), thus, individual differences are manifested in single words that people use to describe their own concept of the self or identity (cf. Boyd and Pennebaker 2017; McAdams 2008; Gazzaniga 2011; Koltko-Rivera 2004). However, although some models of personality, such as the Big Five, stem from natural person-descriptive language, the original clustering of the person-descriptive words used to develop these lexical models was conducted by a relatively small number of researchers who lacked the technical programs available today to handle large amounts of text (Leising et al. 2014; see also Garcia et al. 2015a). In addition, these approaches involved, to a larger degree, only one layer of personality for clustering the person- descriptive words, namely, temperamental dispositions (cf. Gunderson et al. 1999). Here, as a first step, we present a new approach to analyze the way people describe themselves and use Cloninger’s biopsychosocial theory to interpret our results.
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