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- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(author)
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Past, Present, and Future Life Satisfaction among Young Adults. 1st International Conference on Time Perspective
- 2012
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In: 1st International Conference on Time Perspective.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Life Satisfaction (LS) refers to a comparison process in which individuals assess the quality of their lives on the basis of their own self-imposed standard. However, despite already existing instruments to measure temporal variations of LS (e.g., Temporal Satisfaction With Life Scale; TSWLS) not many studies have explored LS from a temporal perspective. Particularly among youth, beliefs about future LS are important—a positive outlook might have repercussions on motivation and choice of goals. Indeed, young adults focus on identity formation and expect to see self-improvement over time, thus, enhancing the future while older adults enhance the past. In Study 1, young adults (N = 286) self-reported temporal LS (past, present, and future) and baseline positive (PA) and negative affect (NA). In Study 2, participants (N = 82) reported LS at three points in time (6-months intervals) over a year period: baseline LS at Time 1 (T1) and T3, temporal LS at T2. Past LS was devaluated compared to present and future LS. Present LS predicted PA, while NA was counter-predicted by past and present LS. Moreover, past and present LS predicted T1LS, while T2LS was predicted solely by past LS. The construction of temporal judgments on LS is discussed.
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| 2. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(author)
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Questions of time and affect: a person’s affectivity profile, time perspective, and well-being
- 2016
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In: PeerJ. - : PeerJ. - 2167-8359. ; 4:e1826
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background. A ‘‘balanced’’ time perspective has been suggested to have a positive influence on well-being: a sentimental and positive view of the past (high Past Positive), a less pessimistic attitude toward the past (low Past Negative), the desire of experiencing pleasure with slight concern for future consequences (high Present Hedonistic), a less fatalistic and hopeless view of the future (low Present Fatalistic), and the ability to find reward in achieving specific long-term goals (high Future). We used the affective profiles model (i.e., combinations of individuals’ experience of high/low positive/negative affectivity) to investigate differences between individuals in time perspective dimensions and to investigate if the influence of time perspective dimensions on well-being was moderated by the individual’s type of profile. Method. Participants (N = 720) answered to the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and two measures of well-being: the Temporal Satisfaction With Life Scale and Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well- Being-short version. A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was conducted to identify differences in time perspective dimensions and well-being among individuals with distinct affective profiles. Four Structural Equation Models (SEM) were used to investigate which time perspective dimensions predicted well-being for individuals in each profile. Results. Comparisons between individuals at the extreme of the affective profiles model suggested that individuals with a self-fulfilling profile (high positive/low negative affect) were characterized by a ‘‘balanced’’ time perspective and higher well-being compared to individuals with a self-destructive profile (low positive/high negative affect). However, a different pattern emerged when individuals who differed in one affect dimension but matched in the other were compared to each other. For instance, decreases in the past negative time perspective dimension lead to high positive affect when negative affect is high (i.e., self-destructive vs. high affective) but to low negative affect when positive affect was high (i.e., high affective vs. self-fulfilling). The moderation analyses showed, for example, that for individuals with a self-destructive profile, psychological well-being was significantly predicted by the past negative, present fatalistic and future time perspectives. Among individuals with a high affective or a self-fulfilling profile, psychological well-being was significantly predicted by the present fatalistic dimension. Conclusions. The interactions found here go beyond the postulation of a ‘‘balanced’’ time perspective being the only way of promoting well-being. Instead, we present a more person-centered approach to achieve higher levels of emotional, cognitive, and psychological well-being.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(author)
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The Person’s Type of Affective Profile as a moderator on the Relationship between Time Perspective and Well-Being
- 2016
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In: 3rd International Conference on Time Perspective, Copenhagen, Denmark..
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Background: A “balanced” time perspective has been suggested to have a positive influence on well-being. This “balanced” outlook on time is defined as a sentimental and positive view of the past (high past positive), a less pessimistic attitude toward the past (low past negative), the desire of experiencing pleasure with slight concern for future consequences (high present hedonistic), a less fatalistic and hopeless view of the future (low present fatalistic), and the ability to find reward in achieving specific long-term goals (high future). In the present study, we used the affective profiles model (i.e., combinations of individuals’ experience of high/low positive/negative affectivity) as the framework for analyzing individual differences in time perspective dimensions and to investigate if the influence of time perspective dimensions on well-being was moderated by the persons’ type of affective profile. Method: Participants (N = 720) responded to the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, the Temporal Satisfaction With Life Scale, and the Scales of Psychological Well-Being-short version. A Multivariate Analysis of Variance was conducted to identify differences in time perspective dimensions and well-being. Four Structural Equation Models were used to investigate which time perspective dimensions predicted well-being for individuals with each one of the four profiles. Results: A “balanced” time perspective characterized individuals with a self-fulfilling profile, who also scored higher in psychological well-being and in temporal satisfaction with life compared to individuals with any of the other profiles. Nevertheless, individuals with a high affective or low affective profile scored higher in both temporal satisfaction with life and psychological well-being compared to individuals with a self-destructive profile. Between 16% to 33% of the variance of psychological well-being and 29% to 40% of the variance of temporal satisfaction with life could be explained by the time perspective dimensions across the four profiles. For individuals with different profiles, however, their well-being was predicted by different time perspective dimensions. For example, while all dimensions explained the variance of psychological well-being for individuals with a self-destructive profile, only the past positive and present hedonistic dimensions were associated to the level of psychological well-being reported by individuals with a low affective profile. Moreover, the future dimension predicted the level of life satisfaction only among individuals with a self-destructive profile. Conclusion: Depending on the type of affective profile, individuals seem to use specific outlooks of time that fit their profile, thus, allowing them to maintain homeostasis in their affective system and at the same time increase their well-being.
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| 5. |
- Sailer, Uta, 1970, et al.
(author)
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A happier and less sinister past, a more hedonistic and less fatalistic present and a more structured future: time perspective and well-being
- 2014
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In: PeerJ. - : PeerJ. - 2167-8359. ; 2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background. Previous studies have established a link between how people relate to their past, present, and future (i.e., time perspective) and subjective well-being (i.e., life satisfaction, positive and negative affect). Time perspective comprises five dimensions: Past Positive, Past Negative, Present Hedonistic, Present Fatalistic, and Future. Life satisfaction can also be evaluated in relation to different time frames. Moreover, approach related positive affect is associated to a different concept of well-being labeled psychological well-being. In the present study we extend previous findings by investigating the effect of time perspective on the time frame of evalua- tions of life satisfaction (past, present, future) and by investigating the relationship between time perspective and psychological well-being. Method. Questionnaires on time perspective (Zimbardo’s Time Perspective In- ventory), temporal life satisfaction (Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale), affect (Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule), and psychological well-being (Scales of Psychological Well-Being—short version) were answered by 453 individuals. Two different structural equation models were tested, one of the relationship between time perspective and temporal life satisfaction, and the other of the relationship between time perspective, affect and psychological well-being. Results. Time perspective affected life satisfaction depending on the time scale on which it was evaluated—memory of a negative past influenced life satisfaction in all time frames, and a positive view of the past influenced both past and future life satisfaction. Moreover, less rumination about past negative events (i.e., low score on Past Negative), the tendency to take risks in the present to achieve happy feelings and/or avoid boredom (i.e., high scores on Present Hedonistic), and a less hopeless and pessimistic view about the present (low scores on Present Fatalistic) were asso- ciated with higher levels of psychological well-being and positive affect. These same time perspective dimensions were associated with lower levels of negative affect. The Future time perspective dimension (i.e., approaching life with self-control, punctu- ality, and planning for the future) was associated with both psychological well-being and positive affect. Conclusions. High levels of both subjective and psychological well-being are related to a happier and a less sinister past, a more hedonistic and less fatalistic present, as well as to a more structured future.
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| 6. |
- Schütz, Erica, et al.
(author)
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The affective profiles in the USA : happiness, depression, life satisfaction, and happiness-increasing strategies
- 2013
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In: PeerJ. - : PeerJ. - 2167-8359. ; 1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background. The affective profiles model categorizes individuals as self-fulfilling (high positive affect, low negative affect), high affective (high positive affect, high negative affect), low affective (low positive affect, low negative affect), and self-destructive (low positive affect, high negative affect). The model has been used extensively among Swedes to discern differences between profiles regarding happiness, depression, and also life satisfaction. The aim of the present study was to investigate such differences in a sample of residents of the USA. The study also investigated differences between profiles with regard to happiness-increasing strategies. Methods. In Study I, 900 participants reported affect (Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule; PANAS) and happiness (Happiness-Depression Scale). In Study II, 500 participants self-reported affect (PANAS), life satisfaction (Satisfaction With Life Scale), and how often they used specific strategies to increase their own happiness (Happiness-Increasing Strategies Scales). Results. The results showed that, compared to the other profiles, self-fulfilling individuals were less depressed, happier, and more satisfied with their lives. Nevertheless, self-destructive individuals were more depressed, unhappier, and less satisfied than all other profiles. The self-fulfilling individuals tended to use strategies related to agentic (e. g., instrumental goal-pursuit), communal (e. g., social affiliation), and spiritual (e. g., religion) values when pursuing happiness. Conclusion. These differences suggest that promoting positive emotions can positively influence a depressive-to-happy state as well as increasing life satisfaction. Moreover, the present study shows that pursuing happiness through strategies guided by agency, communion, and spirituality is related to a self-fulfilling experience described as high positive affect and low negative affect.
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