| 1. |
- Andersson Arntén, Ann-Christine, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Police Personnel Affective Profiles : Differences in Perceptions of the Work Climate and Motivation
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology. - : Springer. - 0882-0783 .- 1936-6469. ; 31:1, s. 2-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The affective profile model was used to investigate individual differences in police personnel perceptions about the working climate and its influences on motivation. The Positive Affect, Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) was used to assign police personnel, sworn and non-sworn (N = 595), to four affective profiles: self-fulfilling, low affective, high affective, and self-destructive. The work climate was assessed using the Learning Climate Questionnaire (Management Relations and Style, Time, Autonomy and Responsibility, Team Style, Opportunities to Develop, Guidelines on How to do the Job, and Contentedness). Motivation was evaluated using a modified version (to refer specifically to the individual’s work situation) of the Situational Motivation Scale (intrinsic motivation, external regulation, identified regulation, and amotivation). Self-fulfilling individuals scored higher on all work climate dimensions compared to the other three groups. Compared to low positive affect profiles, individuals with profiles of high positive affect scored higher in intrinsic motivation and identified regulation. Self-destructive individuals scored higher in amotivation. Different aspects of the work climate were related to each motivation dimension among affective profiles. Police personnel may react to their work environment depending on their affective profile. Moreover, the extent to which the work influences police personnel’s motivation is also related to the affective profile of the individual. © 2015, The Author(s).
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| 2. |
- Andersson Arntén, Ann-Christine, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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The Affective Profile Model in Swedish Police Personnel: Work Climate and Motivation
- 2014
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Ingår i: 26th Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention. San Francisco, California, USA.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- ABSTRACT The study showed that police personnel perceive the work environment depending on their affective profile, these perceptions in turn influence motivation differently for each profile. A positive view on the work environment and intrinsic motivation being related to an affective profile depicted as high positive affect and low negative affect. SUPPORTING SUMMARY Background: The work climate (i.e., employees’ perceptions of how they are treated and managed in their organization) is important when the organizations try to motivate employees to allocate and enhance their efforts into their work. The affective profile model offers something unique over and above the single dimensional framework of affectivity by taking into account how positive (PA) and negative affectivity (NA) interact; these interaction can be used to investigate individual differences in perceptions about the working climate and its influences on motivation. Method: We used the Positive Affect, Negative Affect Schedule to categorize police personnel (N = 595) in four affective profiles: Self-fulfilling (high PA and low NA), low affective (low PA and low NA), high affective (high PA and high NA), and self-destructive (low PA and high NA). Individuals’ perceptions of the work climate were assessed using the Learning Climate Questionnaire which measures seven dimensions: management relations and style, time, autonomy and responsibility, team style, opportunities to develop, guidelines on how to do the job, and contentedness. Finally, we used the Situational Motivation Scale to measure four motivation dimensions: intrinsic motivation, external regulation, identified regulation, and amotivation. Results: Results show that self-fulfilling individuals scored higher on all work climate compared to the other three groups. Regarding motivation, profiles with high PA (self-fulfilling and high affective) scored higher in internal motivation and identified regulation than the profiles with low PA. Self-destructive individuals scored higher in amotivation compared to the other three profiles. Different aspects of the work climate were related to each motivation dimension among affective profiles. Conclusions: These results suggest that individuals may react to the work environment depending on their affective profile. Moreover, how the work environment influences police personnel’s motivation is also a function of the individuals’ distinct affective profile.
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| 3. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Differences in Happiness- Increasing Strategies Between and Within Affective Profiles
- 2016
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Ingår i: Clincal Experimental Psychology. - : OMICS Publishing Group. - 2471-2701. ; 2:3, s. 1-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: In a recent study, Schütz and colleagues [1] used the affective profile model (i.e., the combination of peoples’ experience of high/low positive/negative affect) to investigate individual differences in intentional happiness-increasing strategies. Here we used a merged larger sample, a person-centered method to create the profiles, and a recent factor validated happiness-increasing strategies scale, to replicate the original findings. Method: The participants were 1,000 (404 males, 596 females) individuals recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) who answered to the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule and the Happiness-Increasing Strategies Scales. Participants were clustered in the four affective profiles using the software RopStat (http://www. ropstat.com). Analyses of variance were conducted to discern differences in how frequently the strategies were used among people with different profiles. Results: Individuals with profiles at the extremes of the model (e.g., self-fulfilling vs. self-destructive) differed the most in their use of strategies. The differences within individuals with profiles that diverge in one affectivity dimension while being similar in the other suggested that, for example, decreases in negative affect while positive affect is low (self-destructive vs. low affective) will lead or might be a function of a decrease in usage of both the mental control and the passive leisure strategies. Conclusion: The self-fulfilling experience, depicted as high positive affect and low negative affect, is a combination of agentic (instrumental goal pursuit, active leisure, direct attempts), communal (social affiliation), and spiritual (religion) strategies. Nevertheless, the affective system showed the characteristics of a complex dynamic adaptive system: the same strategies might lead to different profiles (multi-finality) and different strategies might lead to the same profile (equifinality).
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| 4. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Differences in Temperament and Character Among Americans and Swedes with Distinct Affective Profiles
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Affective Profiles Model. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031242199 - 9783031242205 ; , s. 91-110, s. 91-110
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Conceptualizing affect as two separate signal sensitivity subsystems, defined as high/low positive affect and high/low negative affect, implies that (A) the study of affectivity needs the interaction between these two dimensions in a complex adaptive meta-system composed of combinations beyond the two-system approach and that (B) this meta-system is associated to individual differences in personality dimensions that are responsible for automatic emotional reactions (i.e., temperament) and for conscious goals and values (i.e., character). The affective profiles model coined by Archer and colleagues is a good representation of the affectivity meta-system that has generated a great amount of research for the past 20 years. Nevertheless, most research addressing differences in personality has been conducted among children and adolescents.Aim: We aimed to replicate these past studies in two populations (Americans and Swedes) of adults by investigating differences in personality among individuals with distinct affective profiles. In this way, we want to expand our understanding of how the affectivity meta-system is regulated by automatic emotional responses (temperament) and conscious goals and values (i.e., character) across the lifespan and different cultures.Method: We used data from two published studies consisting of 523 Americans ((Nima et al., PeerJ 8: e9193, 2020) and 524 Swedes (Fahlgren et al., 2015) who reported affect (Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule) and personality (Temperament and Character Inventory). For each population, we combined their percentiles scores in positive affect (high = PA/low = pa) and negative affect (high = NA/low = na) for profiling: Self-fulfilling (PAna), High Affective (PANA), Low Affective (pana), and Self-destructive (paNA). We used paired sample t-tests to compare differences in personality between individuals with profiles that were similar in one affectivity dimension but dissimilar in the other (i.e., matched differences) and we used independent sample t-tests to compare individuals with profiles that were diametrically different in both affectivity dimensions.Results: In both populations, high positive affect was associated to low Harm Avoidance, high Persistence, and high Self-directedness and high negative affect was associated to high Harm Avoidance and low Self-directedness. Americans and Swedes with a self-fulfilling profile reported lower Harm Avoidance, higher Reward Dependence, higher Persistence, higher Self-directedness, and higher Cooperativeness compared to those with a self-destructive profile. In both populations, individuals with a high affective profile reported higher Novelty Seeking, higher Persistence, and higher Self-transcendence compared to those with a low affective profile. Most importantly, certain personality dimensions were associated to positive affect and negative affect depending on the specific affectivity combination and country of origin. For example, high Novelty Seeking was associated to high positive affect among Swedes but associated to high negative affect among Americans and while high Self-Transcendence was associated to high positive affect among Americans, among Swedes it was only associated to high positive affect when negative affect was low.Conclusions: Besides replicating past adolescent studies, throughout person-oriented analyses (i.e., matched comparisons), we deepened our understanding about how and in what conditions specific personality dimensions help us to regulate the affective meta-system. In short, temperament dimensions target most of the times one or both affective subsystems and character dimensions target most of the times both subsystems to bring optimal self-regulation.
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| 5. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Happiness-Increasing Strategies among Affective Profiles
- 2015
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Ingår i: 4th World Congress on Positive Psychology. Lake Buena Vista, Florida, USA..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The affective profile model (combinations of high and low positive, PA, and negative affect, NA) was used to investigate differences (N = 1000, age mean = 34.22, sd = 12.73) in Lyubomirsky’s eight clusters of intentional happiness-increasing strategies: Social Affiliation (e.g., “Support and encourage friends”), Partying and Clubbing (e.g., “Drink alcohol”), Mental Control (e.g., “Try not to think about being unhappy”), Instrumental Goal Pursuit (e.g. “Study”), Passive Leisure (e.g. “Surf the internet”), Active Leisure (e.g. “Exercise”), Religion (e.g. “Seek support from faith”), and Direct Attempts (e.g. “Act happy/smile”). The self-fulfilling profile (high PA/low NA) reported more frequent use of Social Affiliation, Instrumental Goal Pursuit, Active Leisure, Religion, and Direct Attempts. The high affective profile (high PA/high NA) reported more frequent use of Social Affiliation (although lower compared to the self-fulfilling profile), Partying and Clubbing, Mental Control, Instrumental Goal Pursuit, Passive Leisure, Active Leisure, Religion, and Direct Attempts (although lower than the self-fulfilling). The low affective profile (low PA/low NA) scored higher, compared to the self-destructive, in Social Affiliation, Active Leisure, and Direct Attempts. The self-destructive profile (low PA/high NA) scored higher in Mental Control (compared to the low affective and self-fulfilling profile) and Passive Leisure (compared to low affective).
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| 6. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Resilience Profiles (Harm Avoidance, Persistence, and Self-directedness) among Swedish Clergy
- 2019
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Ingår i: 31st Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention. Washington, D.C., USA.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Clergy experience a large number of stressors in their work. In this context, resilience in the face of adversity is the result of low Harm Avoidance, high Persistence and high Self-Directedness. We found that, compared to the general population, only one in four Swedish clergymen/women had this specific personality profile.
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| 7. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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The “Cold Case” of Individual Differences in Organizational Psychology: Learning Climate and Organizational Commitment Among Police Personnel
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Affective Profiles Model - 20 Years of Research and Beyond. - Cham : Springer. ; , s. 269-285, s. 269-285
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Individuals’ perception of their work climate is expected to strongly influence personnel’s organizational commitment. However, the evidence about the association between organizational commitment and important outcomes, such as performance at work and turnover, is mixed. If this was not enough, little attention has been paid to how individual differences in basic personality (e.g., individual’s affective profiles) moderate this relationship. In this context, police organizations have unique obstacles in terms of work climate and when striving to make their personnel genuinely committed to the organization. Aim: Our aim was to investigate the association between learning work climate and organizational commitment among police personnel using the affective profiles model as the framework of our study. Method: Swedish police personnel (N = 353) answered an online survey comprising the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule, the Learning Climate Questionnaire, and the Three Commitment Scales. We calculated percentiles in positive and negative affect to cluster participants in four affective profiles with high/low positive affect (PA/pa) and high/low negative affect (NA/na): self-fulfilling (PAna), low affective (pana), high affective (PANA), and self-destructive (paNA). Besides correlation analyses and comparisons between police personnel with diametrical opposite profiles (i.e., PAna vs paNA and PANA vs. pana), we focused on within-individual comparisons between police personnel who differed in one affect dimension and matched in the other (i.e., PANA vs. paNA; PAna vs. pana; PAna vs PANA; and paNA vs. pana). Results: The main analyses showed that personnel with a self-fulfilling profile scored higher on almost all learning climate dimensions and affective and normative commitment and lower in continuance commitment. However, while high negative affect was clearly associated with low levels in all learning climate dimensions, some of these dimensions and the commitment dimensions were associated to high positive affect only when negative affect was low. As expected, when considering individual differences, the relationship between work climate and commitment was complex. For instance, affective commitment was predicted by perceiving opportunities to develop for police personnel with either a self-destructive or a self-fulfilling profile but by good management relationships and style for those with a low affective profile. Conclusions: At the general level, to be able to know which specific work climate factors will lead to an adaptive organizational commitment, police organizations and leaders need to be aware of employees’ personality. At the practical level, the promotion of positive affect and the reduction of negative affect at work and life in general might help organizations to increase police personnel’s sense of a good learning climate and their willingness to stay in the organization because they identify with the organization at an emotional, a psychological, and a social level.
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| 8. |
- Jimmefors, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Self-regulation Dimensions and Psychological Well-Being as a Function of Affective Profiles
- 2015
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Ingår i: 27th Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention. New York, New York, USA.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We studied differences in self-regulatory mode between individuals and its relation to psychological well-being. The backdrop of the study was the affective profiles model. The influence of psychological well-being on self- regulatory dimensions was moderated by the individual’s affective profile.
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| 9. |
- Jimmefors, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Self-regulation, Psychological Well-Being, and Swedish High School Pupils’ Academic Achievement
- 2014
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Ingår i: 26th Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention. San Francisco, California, USA.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- ABSTRACT We investigated the relationship between Swedish high school pupils’ grades and self-regulation strategies (i.e., assessment and locomotion) and psychological well-being. We found that a profile consisting of assessment orientation (i.e., assessment, comparison, and appraisal of goals/procedures) combined with self-acceptance and personal growth leads to the best study results. SUPPORTING SUMMARY Background Education plays an important role on a personal level because it is related to personal control, a healthy lifestyle, greater income, employment, interpersonal relations, and social support (Mirowsky & Ross, 2003). Self-regulation is the procedure implemented by an individual striving to reach a goal and consists of two inter-related strategies: (1) the identification of the desired out-come and the appraisal of procedures to reach the desired goal (i.e., assessment), and (2) the selection between available approaches to reach the goal and the commitment to the chosen approaches until the goal is reached (i.e., locomotion) (Kruglanski et al, 2000). Self-regulation plays an essential role in academic achievement (Kruglanski et al 1994, 2000). Psychological well-being is a multi-faceted concept composed of six different intra-personal characteristics that describe the fully functional individual (Ryff, 1989). These factors are: positive relationships with others, self-acceptance, environmental mastery, autonomy, purpose in life, and personal growth. We aimed to study the relationship between academic achievement and self-regulation and psychological well-being in Swedish high school pupils. Method Participants were 160 Swedish high school pupils (111 boys and 49 girls) with an age mean of 17.74 (sd = 1.29). We used the Assessment and Locomotion Scales (Kruglanski et al., 2000) to measure self-regulation and Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scales short version (Clark et al., 2001) to measure well-being. Academic achievement was operationalized through pupils’ final grades in Swedish, Mathematics, English, and Physical Education. The courses take place during either one or two semesters and the grading scale ranges from F = fail to A = pass with distinction. Results Final grades in Swedish were positively related to two psychological well-being scales: self-acceptance (r = .16, p = < .05) and personal growth (r = .21, p = < .01); and to the self-regulation strategy of assessment (r = .18, p = < . 05). Final grades in Mathematics were positively related to three psychological well-being scales: self-acceptance (r = .19, p = < .05), autonomy (r = .23, p = < .01), and personal growth (r = .19, p = < .05); and also to assessment (r = .24, p = < .01). Final grades in English were positively related to one psychological well-being scale: personal growth (r = .17, p = < .05); and also to assessment (r = .27, p = < .001). Final grades in Physical Education were positively related to four psychological well-being scales: environmental mastery (r = .27, p = < .001), self-acceptance (r = .29, p = < .001), autonomy (r = .19, p = < .05), and personal growth (r = .22, p = < .01); and also to the self-regulation strategy of locomotion (r = .21, p = < .01). Conclusions The most consistent finding is that a profile consisting of assessment orientation combined with self-acceptance and personal growth leads to the best study results. This understanding is important when supporting pupils in achieving the best possible results in school and thus lay the formation for a continued successful life.
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| 10. |
- Lindskär, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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The Effect of Physical Exercise Interventions on Character among Asylum Seekers in Sweden
- 2018
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Ingår i: 9th European Conference on Positive Psychology. Budapest, Hungary.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: During 2015, 162,877 people sought asylum in Sweden [1]. The asylum period, which in some cases may last for several years, may impair the physical, mental and social health of individuals, most likely because this period may lead to inactivity; which might increase the effects of trauma or other mental health problems. In this context, physical inactivity is now identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality [2]. For instance, the National Board of Health and Welfare in Sweden [3] estimates that 20-30% of the asylum seekers and refugees suffer from mental illness. A comprehensive meta-analysis from 2015 shows that physical activity is an intervention associated with significant improvements in mental health [4]. Further, results from cross-sectional studies as well as a literature review show that physical activity is associated with better health and that physical activity may reduce the risk of non-communicable disease and premature death [2]. Despite of all these evidence, to the best of our knowledge, there are no studies investigating the effects of training programs on refugee or newcomer populations. Aim: Our aim was to evaluate the effect on mental health of a 10-week training program among a small sample of newcomers, mostly originally from Syria. Method: Participants (33 men, 18 women) answered to the Short Character Inventory [5] and the Satisfaction with Life Scale [6] at the start and at the end of the 10-week training program. Results: Self-directedness, Cooperativeness, and Life Satisfaction had neither increased nor decreased after the physical intervention. Self-transcendence, however, had significantly increased after the intervention (F (1,50) = 7.04, p <.05, partial ƞ2 = 0.12, observed power = 0.74). Worth noticing is that this effect was larger among the women who participated in the intervention. Conclusions: Character is defined as individual differences in values, goals and self-conscious emotions and the ability to adapt and self-regulation. Self-transcendence (i.e., the identification with something bigger than oneself, such as, god, nature, all humanity) [7] was the character dimension that increased the most after the intervention, especially among the female newcomers. In other words, the intervention did not have a negative impact on the mental health of the individuals and, although relatively weak, the effect on Self-transcendence is probably of importance in the participants’ lives. Clinical practice shows that there are three different ways that lead to a downward spiral of mental health [8]. One of them is the decrease in or underdevelopment of Self-transcendence, because low Self-transcendence means that the individual feels disconnected from his environment, impatient, judgmental and sees the world without meaning, which means loss of trust. When we catastrophize, or become impatient and judgmental, we are absorbed in struggling with problems and obstacles that we have no control over, as in post-traumatic stress syndrome [7]. Hence, these preliminary results suggest that physical activity increased the sense of meaning and connectedness to society among this sample of newcomers.
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