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- Tinetti, Giovanna, et al.
(författare)
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The science of EChO
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. - 1743-9213 .- 1743-9221. ; 6:S276, s. 359-370
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The science of extra-solar planets is one of the most rapidly changing areas of astrophysics and since 1995 the number of planets known has increased by almost two orders of magnitude. A combination of ground-based surveys and dedicated space missions has resulted in 560-plus planets being detected, and over 1200 that await confirmation. NASA's Kepler mission has opened up the possibility of discovering Earth-like planets in the habitable zone around some of the 100,000 stars it is surveying during its 3 to 4-year lifetime. The new ESA's Gaia mission is expected to discover thousands of new planets around stars within 200 parsecs of the Sun. The key challenge now is moving on from discovery, important though that remains, to characterisation: what are these planets actually like, and why are they as they are In the past ten years, we have learned how to obtain the first spectra of exoplanets using transit transmission and emission spectroscopy. With the high stability of Spitzer, Hubble, and large ground-based telescopes the spectra of bright close-in massive planets can be obtained and species like water vapour, methane, carbon monoxide and dioxide have been detected. With transit science came the first tangible remote sensing of these planetary bodies and so one can start to extrapolate from what has been learnt from Solar System probes to what one might plan to learn about their faraway siblings. As we learn more about the atmospheres, surfaces and near-surfaces of these remote bodies, we will begin to build up a clearer picture of their construction, history and suitability for life. The Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory, EChO, will be the first dedicated mission to investigate the physics and chemistry of Exoplanetary Atmospheres. By characterising spectroscopically more bodies in different environments we will take detailed planetology out of the Solar System and into the Galaxy as a whole. EChO has now been selected by the European Space Agency to be assessed as one of four M3 mission candidates. © International Astronomical Union 2011.
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| 3. |
- Lakemond, N, et al.
(författare)
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From Product Development to Production : On the Complexity of Geographical and Organizational Dispersion
- 2006
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the R&D Management Conference, Lake Windermere, Cumbria, UK.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Earlier research has addressed various aspects of the interrelationships between Product development and Production. However few articles explain what the concept consist of. Those that do explain the concept are conceptually driven and not based on empirical studies. This is why this paper has addressed the often neglected issue of what the Product Development-Production (PD-P) interface really consist of. The logic in our reasoning is that before sound improvements can be suggested for the PD-P interface there is a need to understand what it is. Better insights into which the generic components of the PD-P interface are may support the integration between the two departments and hence increase efficiency in the industrial innovation processes in terms of shortened lead-times, lower costs, etc. The empirical data in this paper originates from case studies carried out at three Swedish manufacturing companies. The data was collected via semi-structured interviews with key actors involved in the three product development projects. The empirical findings are merged with theory into a tentative model that describes four generic components of the PD-P interface. The Technology component consists of the fit of product technology and production process technology. The Organization component involves the meeting between the production development and production organizations. The Tasks carried out during product development must also be aligned appropriately with the production tasks. The Scope component is what is being transferred between product development and production by various information tools and carriers, such as prototypes, blueprints, emails etc The identification of these components provides a basis for further studies and analysis of the PD-P interface. As the model is tentative, future studies should also test the validity of the model as well as search for appropriate management approaches. Different problems should be addressed from a holistic view of the PD-P interface including aggravating circumstances such as geographic distance between the departments, complex products or new production systems. In-depth studies of the individual components as well as connections between them would also generate more insight to the PD-P interface.
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