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- Stupak, I, et al.
(författare)
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A global survey of stakeholder views and experiences for systems needed to effectively and efficiently govern sustainability of bioenergy
- 2016
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment. - : Wiley. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 5:1, s. 89-118
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different governance mechanisms have emerged to ensure biomass and bioenergy sustainability amidst a myriad of related public and private regulations that have existed for decades. We conducted a global survey with 59 questions which examined 192 stakeholders' views and experiences related to (1) the multi-leveled governance to which they are subjected, (2) the impacts of that governance on bioenergy production and trade, and (3) the most urgent areas for improvement of certification schemes. The survey revealed significant support along the whole supply chain for new legislation which uses market-based certification schemes to demonstrate compliance (co-regulation). Some respondents did not see a need for new regulation, and meta-standards is a promising approach for bridging divergent views, especially if other proof than certification will be an option. Most respondents had so far experienced positive or neutral changes to their bioenergy production or trade after the introduction of new sustainability governance. Legislative requirements and a green business profile were important motivations for getting certified, while lack of market advantages, administrative complexity and costs all were barriers of varying importance. A need to include, e.g., regular standard revision and dealing with conflicting criteria was identified by respondents associated with bioenergy schemes. Respondents associated with forestry schemes saw less need for revisions, but some were interested in supply chain sustainability criteria. Significant differences among schemes suggest it is crucial in the future to examine the tradeoffs between certification costs, schemes' inclusiveness, the quality of their substantive and procedural rules, and the subsequent effectiveness on-the-ground.
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| 3. |
- Gu, Y. W., et al.
(författare)
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Solid state synthesis of nanocrystalline and/or amorphous 50Ni-50Ti alloy
- 2005
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Ingår i: Materials Science & Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-5093 .- 1873-4936. ; 392:1-2, s. 222-228
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A nanocrystalline/amorphous 50Ni-50Ti alloy was produced by solid state synthesis via mechanical alloying from elemental Ti and Ni powders. Using X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy techniques, a mechanically induced solid state reaction of 50Ni-50Ti was investigated. Results showed that nanocrystalline and amorphous Ni-Ti phases were obtained after mechanical alloying. The mechanical alloying of 50Ni-50Ti for 270 ks led to the formation of f.c.c. Ni(Ti) solid solution, characterized by a lattice parameter of 0.3558 nm, crystallite size of 14 nm and lattice strain of 0.98%. The particle size decreased with increasing milling time. The crystallite size of mechanically alloyed 50Ni-50Ti powders was substantially refined as the milling proceeded and the lattice strain increased with the milling time. The steady-state crystallite size was approximately 10-15 nm. The internal lattice strain in Ni-Ti alloy led to the disordering and the subsequent formation of amorphous alloy during mechanical alloying. After heat treatment at 1100 °C, the as-milled powders transformed into B2-NiTi phase and a small amount of Ti2Ni phase. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Pelkmans, Luc, et al.
(författare)
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The role of sustainability requirements in international bioenergy markets
- 2014
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Energy. - Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands. - 2195-1292 .- 2195-1284. ; 17:1, s. 125-149
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the main driver for bioenergy is to enable society to transform to more sustainable fuel and energy production systems, it is important to safeguard that bioenergy deployment happens within certain sustainability constraints. There is currently a high number of initiatives, including binding regulations and several voluntary sustainability standards for biomass, bioenergy and/or biofuels. Within IEA Bioenergy studies were performed to monitor the actual implementation process of sustainability regulations and certification, evaluate how stakeholders are affected and envisage the anticipated impact on worldwide markets and trade. On the basis of these studies, recommendations were made on how sustainability requirements could actually support further bioenergy deployment. Markets would gain from more harmonization and cross-compliance. A common language is needed as 'sustainability' of biomass involves different policy arenas and legal settings. Policy pathways should be clear and predictable, and future revisions of sustainability requirements should be open and transparent. Sustainability assurance systems (both through binding regulations and voluntary certification) should take into account how markets work, in relation to different biomass applications (avoiding discrimination among end-uses and users). It should also take into account the way investment decisions are taken, administrative requirements for smallholders, and the position of developing countries.
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| 9. |
- Goh, C. S., et al.
(författare)
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Magnesium and Aluminium carbon nanotube composites
- 2010
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Ingår i: Key Engineering Materials. - 1013-9826 .- 1662-9795. ; 425, s. 245-261
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbon nanotubes are one of the most exciting discoveries of nanosized materials in the 20th century. Challenges to create materials applicable for industrial applications involve both the incorporation of the carbon nanotubes into the material and to ensure that they do not agglomerate. Aluminium and magnesium based materials are among the metals that can benefit from the incorporation of carbon nanotubes. The fabrication of Aluminium carbon nanotube composites has challenges from reactivity and degradation of the carbon nanotube additions; hence the powder metallurgy route is preferred. Magnesium based materials on the other hand do not have this limitation and both the powder metallurgical route and the casting route are viable. Among the benefits of adding carbon nanotubes are increased yield strength and stiffness. Here is important that the effect is significant already at very low addition levels. This makes it possible to increase strength without having a significant detrimental effect on ductility. In fact, for magnesium alloys ductility can be improved due to the activation of additional slip planes improving the normally low ductility of HCP structure materials. © (2010) Trans Tech Publications.
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