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- Kiliaan, A. J., et al.
(författare)
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Adipokines: a link between obesity and dementia?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Lancet Neurology. - 1474-4422. ; 13:9, s. 913-923
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being overweight or obese, as measured with body-mass index or central adiposity (waist circumference), and the trajectory of body-mass index over the life course have been associated with brain atrophy, white matter changes, disturbances of blood brain barrier integrity, and risk of all-cause late-onset dementia and Alzheimer's disease. This observation leads us to question what it is about body-mass index that is associated with health of the brain and dementia risk. If high body-mass index and central adiposity represent an increase in adipose tissue, then the endocrine function of adipose tissue, mediated by adipose tissue hormones and adipokines, could be a due to mechanisms that underlie the association with dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Hundreds of adipoldnes have been identified, creating a complexity that is a challenge to simplify. Nonetheless, adipokines are being investigated in association with clinical dementia outcomes, and with imaging-based measures of brain volume, structure, and function in human beings and in predinical models of clinical dementia.
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| 2. |
- Sjögren, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Cholesterol and Alzheimer's disease--is there a relation?
- 2006
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Ingår i: Mechanisms of ageing and development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0047-6374. ; 127:2, s. 138-47
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The predominating theory on the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) concerns the mis-metabolism of amyloid precursor protein (APP). As a result of this mis-metabolism, there is an increased production of the 42 amino acid form of beta-amyloid (Abeta42) that rapidly will form oligomers that initiates a cascade of events leading to the accumulation of amyloid plaques. Commonly recognised as vascular factors, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes and the inheritance of the epsilon4 allele of the APOE gene, are also risk factors for AD. These risks have been found to promote the production of Abeta42. An association between cholesterol and the development of AD was suggested in the early 1990s and ever since, an increasing amount of research has confirmed that there is a link between cholesterol and the development of AD. A high cholesterol levels in mid-life is a risk for AD and statins, i.e., cholesterol-lowering drugs, reduce this risk. Statins may not only inhibit enzymes involved in the endogenous synthesis of cholesterol but also affect enzymes involved in Abeta metabolism, i.e., alpha-secretase and beta-secretase. This normalises the breakdown of APP thereby promoting the non-amyloidogenic pathway. In this review, investigations focusing on cholesterol and Alzheimer's disease are presented.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Skoog, Ingmar, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Update on hypertension and Alzheimer's disease.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Neurological research. - 0161-6412. ; 28:6, s. 605-11
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several studies report that blood pressure is increased in victims of Alzheimer's disease (AD) decades before the onset of the disease. Years before onset of Alzheimer's disease, blood pressure start to decrease and continues to decrease during the disease process. High blood pressure has also been related to pathological manifestations of Alzheimer's disease (senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, hippocampal atrophy). The exact mechanism behind these associations is not clear. Hypertension is also a risk factor for stroke, ischemic white matter lesions, silent infarcts, general atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and cardiovascular diseases, and often clusters with other vascular risk factors, including diabetes mellitus, obesity and hypercholesterolemia. Also these risk factors have been related to Alzheimer's disease. Hypertension may thus cause cerebrovascular disease that may increase the possibility for individuals with AD encephalopathy to express a dementia syndrome. Hypertension may also lead to vessel wall changes in the brain, leading to hypoperfusion, ischemia and hypoxia which may initiate the pathological process of AD. Finally, subclinical AD may lead to increased blood pressure, and similar biological mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of both disorders. Hypertension is a common disorder and often untreated. Several observational studies have reported that use of antihypertensives decreases risk of AD. Even though hypertension only results in a moderately increased risk of AD, or overall dementia, better treatment of hypertension may have an immense effect on the total number of demented individuals.
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