| 1. |
- Barregård, Lars, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental exposure to wood smoke: effects on airway inflammation and oxidative stress.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Occupational and environmental medicine. - : BMJ. - 1470-7926 .- 1351-0711. ; 65:5, s. 319-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Particulate air pollution affects cardiovascular and pulmonary disease and mortality. A main hypothesis about the mechanisms involved is that particles induce inflammation in lower airways, systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. OBJECTIVES: To examine whether short-term exposure to wood smoke in healthy subjects affects markers of pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress. METHODS: 13 subjects were exposed first to clean air and then to wood smoke in a chamber during 4-hour sessions, 1 week apart. The mass concentrations of fine particles at wood smoke exposure were 240-280 mug/m(3), and number concentrations were 95 000-180 000/cm(3), about half of the particles being ultrafine (<100 nm). Blood and breath samples were taken before and at various intervals after exposure to wood smoke and clean air and examined for exhaled nitric oxide and Clara cell protein in serum and urine, and malondialdehyde in exhaled breath condensate. RESULTS: Exposure to wood smoke increased alveolar nitric oxide 3 hours post-exposure while malondialdehyde levels in breath condensate were higher both immediately after and 20 hours after exposure. Serum Clara cell protein was increased 20 hours after exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Wood smoke at levels that can be found in smoky indoor environments caused an inflammatory response and signs of increased oxidative stress in the respiratory tract, especially in the lower airways.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Gustafson, Pernilla, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Formaldehyde levels in Sweden: personal exposure, indoor, and outdoor concentrations
- 2005
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Ingår i: J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. ; 15:3, s. 252-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Formaldehyde is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and is probably carcinogenic to humans. Exposure to formaldehyde was investigated in the general population with personal as well as stationary measurements. The results from two campaigns in two Swedish cities are presented, including measurements of personal exposure among a total of 65 randomly selected subjects together with simultaneous measurements of individual indoor and outdoor concentrations. Diffusive GMD samplers were placed in the breathing zone, in the participants' bedrooms, and outside their homes for 24 h in campaign A and six days in campaign B. Repeated measurements were also conducted in order to study the variability between and within individuals. Median personal exposure to formaldehyde was 22 microg/m(3) (campaign A) and 23 microg/m(3) (campaign B), which is within the guideline value range of 12-60 microg/m(3) proposed in Sweden. Bedroom concentrations were generally slightly higher than personal exposure, while outdoor concentrations (measured only in campaign B) were low. In campaign B, the stationary measurements were used to model personal exposure. Bedroom concentrations were found to explain 90% of the variation of the measured personal exposure and predicted personal exposure nearly as well as an extended model that also included the outdoor contribution. Subjects living in single-family houses had significantly higher exposure to formaldehyde compared with subjects living in apartments. The 24-h and 6-day sampling periods yield a relatively low within-individual variability for formaldehyde measurements with GMD samplers.
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| 4. |
- Gustafson, Pernilla, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of domestic wood burning on personal, indoor and outdoor levels of 1,3-butadiene, benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde
- 2007
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Ingår i: J Environ Monit. ; 9:1, s. 23-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to quantify personal exposure and indoor levels of the suspected or known carcinogenic compounds 1,3-butadiene, benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in a small Swedish town where wood burning for space heating is common. Subjects (wood burners, n = 14), living in homes with daily use of wood-burning appliances were compared with referents (n = 10) living in the same residential area. Personal exposure and stationary measurements indoors and at an ambient site were performed with diffusive samplers for 24 h. In addition, 7 day measurements of 1,3-butadiene and benzene were performed inside and outside the homes. Wood burners had significantly higher median personal exposure to 1,3-butadiene (0.18 microg m(-3)) compared with referents (0.12 microg m(-3)), which was also reflected in the indoor levels. Significantly higher indoor levels of benzene were found in the wood-burning homes (3.0 microg m(-3)) compared with the reference homes (1.5 microg m(-3)). With regard to aldehydes, median levels obtained from personal and indoor measurements were similar although the four most extreme acetaldehyde levels were all found in wood burners. High correlations were found between personal and indoor levels for all substances (r(s) > 0.8). In a linear regression model, type of wood-burning appliance, burning time and number of wood replenishments were significant factors for indoor levels of 1,3-butadiene. Domestic wood burning seems to increase personal exposure to 1,3-butadiene as well as indoor levels of 1,3-butadiene and benzene and possibly also acetaldehyde. The cancer risk from these compounds at exposure to wood smoke is, however, estimated to be low in developed countries.
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| 5. |
- Johannesson, Sandra, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Exposure to fine particles (PM2.5 and PM1) and black smoke in the general population: personal, indoor, and outdoor levels
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1559-064X .- 1559-0631. ; 17:7, s. 613-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Personal exposure to PM(2.5) and PM(1), together with indoor and residential outdoor levels, was measured in the general adult population (30 subjects, 23-51 years of age) of Gothenburg, Sweden. Simultaneously, urban background concentrations of PM(2.5) were monitored with an EPA WINS impactor. The 24-h samples were gravimetrically analyzed for mass concentration and black smoke (BS) using a smokestain reflectometer. Median levels of PM(2.5) were 8.4 mug/m(3) (personal), 8.6 mug/m(3) (indoor), 6.4 mug/m(3) (residential outdoor), and 5.6 mug/m(3) (urban background). Personal exposure to PM(1) was 5.4 mug/m(3), while PM(1) indoor and outdoor levels were 6.2 and 5.2 mug/m(3), respectively. In non-smokers, personal exposure to PM(2.5) was significantly higher than were residential outdoor levels. BS absorption coefficients were fairly similar for all microenvironments (0.4-0.5 10(-5) m(-1)). Personal exposure to particulate matter (PM) and BS was well correlated with indoor levels, and there was an acceptable agreement between personal exposure and urban background concentrations for PM(2.5) and BS(2.5) (r(s)=0.61 and 0.65, respectively). PM(1) made up a considerable amount (70-80%) of PM(2.5) in all microenvironments. Levels of BS were higher outdoors than indoors and higher during the fall compared with spring. The correlations between particle mass and BS for both PM(2.5) vs. BS(2.5) and PM(1) versus BS(1) were weak for all microenvironments including personal exposure. The urban background station provided a good estimate of residential outdoor levels of PM(2.5) and BS(2.5) within the city (r(s)=0.90 and 0.77, respectively). Outdoor levels were considerably affected by long-range transported air pollution, which was not found for personal exposure or indoor levels. The within-individual (day-to-day) variability dominated for personal exposure to both PM(2.5) and BS(2.5) in non-smokers.Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology advance online publication, 18 April 2007; doi:10.1038/sj.jes.7500562.
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| 6. |
- Molnár, Peter, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Domestic wood burning and PM2.5 trace elements: Personal exposures, indoor and outdoor levels
- 2005
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310. ; 39:14, s. 2643-2653
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Personal exposures as well as indoor and outdoor levels of PM2.5 were measured with cyclones and impactors simultaneously in the winter of 2003 in a residential area where wood burning for domestic space heating is common. Twenty-four-hour samples from both wood-burning households ("wood burners") and a reference group were analysed for mass and elemental concentration using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and for black smoke (BS) concentration using an EEL 43 reflectometer. Wood-smoke particles made statistically significant contributions of K, Ca, and Zn for both personal exposure and indoor concentration, the median levels of these elements being 66-80% higher for the wood-burning group. In addition, Cl, Mn, Cu, Rb, and Pb were found to be possible markers of wood smoke, though levels of these were only significantly higher among the wood-burning group for either personal exposure or indoor concentrations. PM2.5 mass and S levels were not significantly elevated in wood burners, probably due to large variations in outdoor concentrations from long-distance transported air pollution. Personal exposure and indoor levels showed high correlations for all species, and the personal exposure levels were usually higher than or equal to the indoor levels. The associations between personal exposure and outdoor levels were generally weak except for outdoor S and PM2.5 levels that were both highly correlated with personal S exposure levels (r(s) > 0.8). (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 9. |
- Sällsten, Gerd, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental wood smoke exposure in humans
- 2006
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Ingår i: Inhalation Toxicology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0895-8378 .- 1091-7691. ; 18:11, s. 855-864
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experimental studies are used to evaluate effects of human exposure to diesel exhaust and concentrated ambient particles. This article describes a system for studying exposure of humans to wood smoke. Wood smoke was generated using a wood stove placed outside an exposure chamber that can hold at least 10 subjects. A partial flow of the generated wood smoke from the stove was mixed with filtered indoor air. Personal and stationary measurements were performed of PM2.5 and PM1 mass concentrations and various volatile organic compounds (VOCs): 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and aldehydes. In addition, particulate matter ( PM) mass, number concentrations, and size distributions of particles (0.007 - 6.7 mu m), as well as nitrous oxides, CO2, and CO, were measured online. Filters were analyzed for trace elements and black smoke. Polycyclic aromatic compounds, toluene, and xylenes were determined in stationary samples. Results of the first experiment showed no differences between personal and stationary measurements for particles or VOCs. Consequently, stationary measurements can be used to predict personal exposure. All PM mass ( about 250 mu g/m(3)) was in the PM1 fraction. Subjective symptoms were generally weak, while clear objective signs were found, for example, in biomarkers of inflammation. With careful control of the combustion process, relatively constant mass and number concentrations were obtained over each exposure session. By varying the combustion and dilution of the wood smoke, different exposure scenarios can be achieved and thus, knowledge about which of the properties of particles and gaseous compounds are crucial for the effects.
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