| 1. |
- Halling, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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General health and tobacco habits among middle-aged Swedes
- 2007
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Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press. - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 17:2, s. 151-154
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Convincing scientific evidence exists that smoking has devastating effects on health. The use of smokeless tobacco (snuff) as a tobacco habit has been reported to be considerably less harmful, and has been suggested as an aid to smoking cessation, among other things. Methods: Cross-sectional data on general health and tobacco habits were obtained through a self-administered mail questionnaire in 2002 representing 50-year-old (n = 6236) and 60-year-old (n = 6232) Swedes in two counties. Participation rates were 70.2 and 75.7% in the both age cohorts, respectively. Of all participants 46.2% were male and 53.8% female. A general health index encompassing five items (score 0-5) was designed, with the best general health attributed to those scoring 5. Results: Male daily smokers accounted for 15.6% of the 50-year-olds and 18.7% of the 60-years-olds compared with 21.1 and 16.6%, respectively, for females. Corresponding figures for daily snuffing were 21.1 and 11.9% for men and 1.7 and 0.4% for women. When adjusting for age, sex, place of living, social network, education, and marital status, and related to subjects who never used tobacco, 'best general health' score 5, significant differences were found for ex-smokers (OR 0.82; 95% CI 0.74-0.90; P < 0.001) and ex-snuffers (OR 0.74; 95% CI 0.61-0.90; P < 0.01). Conclusion: Those who have stopped smoking or snuffing seem to be in a vulnerable condition with respect to general health and in need of extra support and health-promoting activities.
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| 2. |
- Zamora, Juan Carlos, et al.
(författare)
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Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa
- 2018
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Ingår i: IMA Fungus. - : INT MYCOLOGICAL ASSOC. - 2210-6340 .- 2210-6359. ; 9:1, s. 167-185
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
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| 3. |
- Glendor, Ulf, 1948-
(författare)
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On Dental Trauma in Children and Adolescents : Incidence, Risk, Treatment, Time and Costs
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Dental trauma occur in childhood and adolescence with consequences in time and costs for both patient and family. The scientific knowledge of these matters is scarce. For some individuals, dental trauma will result in long, time-consuming and costly treatments in childhood which will continue into adulthood.Aim: The thesis aimed to increase the knowledge of incidence, risk, treatment, time and costs spent on dental traumas to primary and permanent teeth in children and adolescents.Material and method: The material for the studies emanated from the county of Västmanland, Sweden, and the municipality of Copenhagen, Denmark, and from a Swedish nation-wide material (Folksam). The material was collected from accident reports, dental files, dental trauma forms, questionnaires and telephone interviews. Descriptive, prospective and analytical methods were used. A classification of uncomplicated and complicated dental traumas was presented.Results: The incidence of dental trauma to boys was higher, compared to girls, in the county of Västmanland in almost all age groups. For both sexes, the first years in life and the first years in school were the most accident prone periods with incidence twice as high as the average incidence for all children and adolescents in the county. Every third trauma was complicated with injuries to the pulp or periodontal ligaments. Every second patient with a dental trauma to permanent teeth suffered from multiple dental trauma episodes (MDTE) during a period of 12 years. In almost every second patient with MDTE, at least one of the affected teeth had sustained repeated trauma episodes. The risk of sustaining MDTE increased when the first trauma episode occurred in the age interval of 6-10, compared to 11-18 year olds. During a 12-year period, treatment times for complicated traumas were 2.0 and 2.7 times higher for primary and permanent teeth, respectively, compared to corresponding values for uncomplicated traumas. On average, direct time (treatment time) represented 11% and 16% of the total time, while the direct costs (health are service, transport, loss of personal property and medicine) represented 60% and 72% of the total costs of traumas to primary and permanent teeth, respectively, during a 2-year period for cases of a nation-wide material.Conclusion: Dental traumas are frequent and some individuals are injured several times. Besides treatment time, efforts from the family are substantial in time and costs. Parameters such as degree of severity, access to treatment and place of injury are of major importance to both patient and family and should be considered when calculating time and costs of dental trauma in children and adolescents.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Johansson, AnnaKarin, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of Smoking Behaviors in the Home and Their Influence on Children's Passive Smoking: Development of a Questionnaire
- 2005
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Ingår i: Annals of Epidemiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1047-2797. ; 15:6, s. 453-459
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose To construct and validate a questionnaire aiming to measure children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the home. Methods The development of the instrument included epidemiological studies, qualitative interviews, pilot studies, and validation with biomarkers and is described in seven consecutive steps. Parents of preschool children, from different population-based samples in south-east Sweden, have participated in the studies. Results Content and face validity was tested by an expert panel and core elements for the purpose of the instrument identified. Reliability was shown with test-retest of the first version. The validation with biomarkers indicated that the sensitivity of the instrument was high enough to discriminate between children's ETS exposure levels. Cotinine/creatinine levels were related to parents' described smoking behaviors. Differences were shown between children from non-smoking homes, and all groups with smoking parents, independent of their smoking behavior (p < 0.01), as well as between parents smoking strictly outdoors and parents reporting indoor smoking (p < 0.001). Conclusion The results indicate that the presented instrument can be used to discriminate between different levels of ETS exposure and when children's level of tobacco smoke exposure is to be assessed.
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| 6. |
- Johansson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Associations between social and general health factors and symptoms related to temporomandibular disorders and bruxism in a population of 50-year-old subjects.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Acta odontologica Scandinavica. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0001-6357 .- 1502-3850. ; 62:4, s. 231-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this epidemiological study was to examine associations between temporomandibular (TMD)-related problems and variables from three domains: (1) socio-economic attributes, (2) general health and health-related lifestyle, and (3) dental attitudes and behaviors. The overall response rate to a questionnaire mailed to the total population of 50-year-old subjects in two Swedish counties (8,888 individuals) was 71%. Among the 53 questions in the questionnaire, those related to social, general health, and health-related factors were used as independent variables in logistic regression models. Three TMD-related symptoms and reported bruxism were used as dependent variables. Impaired general health was the strongest risk factor for reported TMD symptoms. Along with female gender and dissatisfaction with dental care, impaired general health was significantly associated with all three TMD symptoms. A few more factors were associated with pain from the TMJ only. In comparison, reported bruxism showed more significant associations with the independent variables. In addition to the variables associated with TMD symptoms, being single, college/university education, and daily tobacco use were also significantly correlated with bruxism. Besides female gender, impaired general health, dissatisfaction with dental care, and a few social and health-related factors demonstrated significant associations with TMD symptoms and reported bruxism.
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| 7. |
- Johansson, Anders, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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Differences in four reported symptoms related to temporomandibular disorders in a cohort of 50-year-old subjects followed up after 10 years
- 2008
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Ingår i: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0001-6357 .- 1502-3850. ; 66:1, s. 50-57
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. To assess possible changes in the prevalence of four temporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms reported by subjects at age 50 and again 10 years later. Material and methods. Identical questionnaires were sent out in 1992 and in 2002 to all subjects born in 1942 and living in two Swedish counties. Of those who answered the four questions on TMD symptoms in 1992, 74% responded in 2002 (N=4639). The response alternatives were dichotomized into two groups: 1) No problems, and 2) some, rather severe and severe problems. Results. The mean prevalence of TMD-related symptoms reflected small and mainly non-significant changes, whereas the prevalence of reported bruxism was significantly greater at age 60 than at age 50. Among those with no TMD symptoms at age 50, 5-7 % of the men and 8-9% of the women reported symptoms at age 60. Of those reporting one or more TMD symptoms at age 50, 47-65 % of the men and 40-48 % of the women had no symptoms 10 years later. There was a significant and markedly increased risk of reporting TMD symptoms and bruxism (OR > 10) at age 60 among those who had symptoms at age 50. Conclusions. The mean prevalence of reported TMD symptoms was relatively consistent from age 50 to age 60. The group reporting symptoms at the first examination were highly likely still to have the symptoms 10 years later. However, approximately half of the subjects with TMD symptoms at age 50 reported no symptoms at age 60.
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| 8. |
- Johansson, AnnaKarin, et al.
(författare)
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Does having children affect adult smoking and behaviours at home?
- 2003
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Ingår i: Tobacco Induced Diseases. - : E.U. European Publishing. - 1617-9625. ; 1:3, s. 175-183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundSmoking prevalence and smoking behaviours have changed in society and an increased awareness of the importance of protecting children from environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is reported. The aim of this study was to find out if smoking prevalence and smoking behaviours were influenced by parenthood, and if differences in health-related quality of life differed between smoking and non-smoking parents.MethodsQuestionnaires were sent to a randomly selected sample, including 1735 men and women (20–44 years old), residing in the south-east of Sweden. Participation rate was 78%. Analyses were done to show differences between groups, and variables of importance for being a smoker and an indoor smoker.ResultsParenthood did not seem to be associated with lower smoking prevalence. Logistic regression models showed that smoking prevalence was significantly associated with education, gender and mental health. Smoking behaviour, as well as attitudes to passive smoking, seemed to be influenced by parenthood. Parents of dependent children (0–19 years old) smoked outdoors significantly more than adults without children (p < 0.01). Logistic regression showed that factors negatively associated with outdoor smoking included having immigrant status, and not having preschool children. Parents of preschool children found it significantly more important to keep the indoor environment smoke free than both parents with schoolchildren (p = 0.02) and adults without children (p < 0.001). Significant differences in self-perceived health-related quality of life indexes (SF-36) were seen between smokers and non-smokers.ConclusionAs smoking behaviour, but not smoking prevalence, seems to be influenced by parenthood, it is important to consider the effectiveness of commonly used precautions when children's risk for ETS exposure is estimated.
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| 9. |
- Johansson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Gender difference in symptoms related to temporomandibular disorders in a population of 50-year-old subjects
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Orofacial Pain. - : Quintessence. - 1064-6655 .- 1945-3396. ; 17:1, s. 29-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Aims: To investigate, by means of a mail questionnaire, the prevalence of symptoms related to temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in 50-year-old subjects living in the counties of Örebro and Östergötland, Sweden. Methods: The total population comprised 8,888 individuals, and the overall response rate was 71%. A clinical evaluation of the masticatory system was performed in subgroups to validate the responses to the questionnaire. There was satisfactory correspondence between self-reports and welldefined clinical conditions. Results: Women reported, more often than men, pain from the temporomandibular joints (TMJs), TMJ sounds, bruxism, sensitive teeth, and burning mouth symptoms. The prevalences of difficulties in jaw opening, loss of anterior teeth due to trauma, and masticatory problems were greater in men than in women. No gender difference was found in the number of remaining teeth. Logistic regression analysis with pain from the TMJ as the dependent variable identified bruxism, impaired chewing efficiency, and gender (women) as the most significant risk factors. With reduced chewing ability as the dependent variable, several missing teeth constituted the highest risk, followed by pain from the TMJ, bruxism, gender (men), and loss of anterior teeth due to trauma. Conclusion: There were significant gender differences in reported TMD-related symptoms in 50-year-old Swedes. Bruxism was a significant risk factor for pain from the TMJ. Reduced number of teeth and pain from the TMJ were significant risk factors for impaired chewing ability.
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| 10. |
- Johansson, AnnaKarin, et al.
(författare)
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Indoor and outdoor smoking : Impact on children’s health
- 2003
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Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 13:1, s. 61-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Many children are exposed to ETS (environmental tobacco smoke), which has both immediate and long-term adverse health effects. The aim was to determine the prevalence and nature of smoking among parents with infants and the association of indoor or outdoor smoking with the health of their children. Methods: Mail-questionnaire study, which was performed in a county in the south-east of Sweden, as a retrospective cross-sectional survey including 1990 children, 12–24 months old. Results: 20% of the children had at least one smoking parent; 7% had parents who smoked indoors and 13% parents who smoked only outdoors. Indoor smoking was most prevalent among single and blue-collar working parents. In the case of smoking cessation during pregnancy, smoking was usually resumed after delivery or at the end of the breast-feeding period. Coughing more than two weeks after a URI (upper respiratory infection), wheezing without a URI as well as pooled respiratory symptoms differed significantly between children of non-smokers and indoor smokers. Conclusion: Further research of the common belief that outdoor smoking is sufficient to protect infants from health effects due to ETS exposure is warranted.
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