| 1. |
- Enroth, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in socioeconomic differentials in old age life expectancy in four Nordic countries : the impact of educational expansion and education-specific mortality
- 2022
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Ingår i: European Journal of Ageing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1613-9372 .- 1613-9380. ; 19:2, s. 161-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Overall progress in life expectancy (LE) depends increasingly on survival in older ages. The birth cohorts now reaching old age have experienced considerable educational expansion, which is a driving force for the social change and social inequality. Thus, this study examines changes in old age LE by educational attainment in the Nordic countries and aims to fnd out to what extent the change in national LEs is attributable to education-specifc mortality and the shifting educational composition. We used national register data comprising total 65+populations in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden to create period life tables stratifed by fve-year age groups (65–90+), sex and educational attainment. Difference in LE between 2001 and 2015 was decomposed into the contributions of mortality changes within each educational group and changes in educational composition. Increasing LE at all ages and in all educational groups coincided with persistent and growing educational inequalities in all countries. Most of the gains in LE at age 65 could be attributed to decreased mortality (63–90%), especially among those with low education, the largest educational group in most countries. The proportion of the increase in LE attributable to improved education was 10–37%, with the highest contributions recorded for women in Norway and Sweden. The rising educational levels in the Nordic countries still carry potential for further gains in national LEs. However, the educational expansion has contributed to uneven gains in LE between education groups, which poses a risk for the future increase of inequalities in LE.
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| 2. |
- Haanes, Hallvard, et al.
(författare)
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Realism and usefulness of multispecies experiment designs with regard to application in radioecology : A review
- 2020
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 718
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multispecies experiments like microcosms and mesocosms are widely used in many fields of research but not in radioecology. In radioecology, size limitations are important as large experimental volumes involve problems with waste (radionuclides), or shielding, absorption and available space in gamma fields (often within a climate chamber). We have therefore performed a literature review (ISI Web of Science, n = 406) of the design and properties of multispecies effect studies <100 L in size and with three or more mentioned taxa in other research fields to assess their suitability to radioecology. Studies with more mentioned taxa assess structural ecosystem parameters more often than studies with fewer mentioned taxa, while the opposite trend is seen for indirect effects/interactions. Studies of indirect effects benefit from more replicates and longer experiments. Almost all studies assess some ecosystem level parameter but only a quarter take a holistic approach assessing both structural and functional as well as indirect effects. We find that most cosms are custom-made systems, rather than standardised designs. Unmanipulated cosms consist of excised portions of the natural environment with a higher number of mentioned taxa, high ecological complexity and high realism, but have a relatively low replicability. In contrast, standardised cosms with fewer mentioned taxa have less ecological complexity but much higher replicability. This literature review shows that smaller cosm sizes have similar ecological complexity (e.g. number of taxa and trophic levels) and experimental duration as larger sized cosms, allowing for ecologically-relevant investigations, despite their small size. We encourage multispecies radioecology studies, preferably with environmental relevant doses and sufficient detail on dosimetry.
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| 3. |
- Høj Jørgensen, Terese Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Ageing populations in the Nordic countries : Mortality and longevity from 1990 to 2014
- 2019
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 47:6, s. 611-617
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: Cross-country comparisons of mortality and longevity patterns of Nordic populations could contribute with novel insights into the compositional changes of these populations. We investigated three metrics of population ageing: the proportion of the population aged 75+ and 90+ years, the proportion of birth cohorts reaching 75 and 90 years, and life expectancy (LE) at age 75 and 90 years in Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Denmark and Finland, in the period 1990-2014.Methods: Demographic information was collected from national statistical databases and the Human Mortality Database.Results: All metrics on population ageing increased during the study period, but there were some cross-country variations. Finland experienced a notably steep increase in the proportion of 75+ and 90+ year olds compared to the other countries. Regarding the proportion reaching old ages, the Finnish lagged behind from the beginning, but females decreased this difference. The Danes were more similar to the other countries at the beginning, but did not experience the same increase over time. Gender-specific LE at age 75 and 90 years was similar overall in the five countries.Conclusions: Developments in cross-country variation suggest that survival until old age has become more similar for Finnish females and more different for Danish males and females compared with the other countries in recent decades. This provides perspectives on the potential to improve longevity in Denmark and Finland. Similarities in LE in old age suggest that expected mortality in old age has been more similar throughout the study period.
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| 4. |
- Keogan, Katharine, et al.
(författare)
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Global phenological insensitivity to shifting ocean temperatures among seabirds
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature Climate Change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1758-678X .- 1758-6798. ; 8:4, s. 313-318
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reproductive timing in many taxa plays a key role in determining breeding productivity(1), and is often sensitive to climatic conditions(2). Current climate change may alter the timing of breeding at different rates across trophic levels, potentially resulting in temporal mismatch between the resource requirements of predators and their prey(3). This is of particular concern for higher-trophic-level organisms, whose longer generation times confer a lower rate of evolutionary rescue than primary producers or consumers(4). However, the disconnection between studies of ecological change in marine systems makes it difficult to detect general changes in the timing of reproduction(5). Here, we use a comprehensive meta-analysis of 209 phenological time series from 145 breeding populations to show that, on average, seabird populations worldwide have not adjusted their breeding seasons over time (-0.020 days yr(-1)) or in response to sea surface temperature (SST) (-0.272 days degrees C-1) between 1952 and 2015. However, marked between-year variation in timing observed in resident species and some Pelecaniformes and Suliformes (cormorants, gannets and boobies) may imply that timing, in some cases, is affected by unmeasured environmental conditions. This limited temperature-mediated plasticity of reproductive timing in seabirds potentially makes these top predators highly vulnerable to future mismatch with lower-trophic-level resources(2).
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Moksnes, Per-Olav, et al.
(författare)
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Fritidsbåtars påverkan på grunda kustekosystem i Sverige
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sweden has a long and beautiful coastline with extensive archipelagos that offer exceptional conditions for recreational boating. There are more than 700 000 recreational boats in Sweden, which is one of the highest numbers in the world in relation to the population size. Small tidal differences and many sheltered bays also provide good conditions for storing boats at docks and piers and jetties. As a result, large areas of the Swedish coast are today covered with docks and marinas for recreational boats. The large number of boats and docks could have substantial negative effects on the environment. However, the understanding of the cumulative impact of recreational boating on Swedish coastal ecosystem has so far been incomplete. The goal with this report from the Swedish Institute for the Marine Environment has been to compile and summarize the present state of knowledge regarding how recreational boating affect shallow coastal ecosystems in Sweden, to determine the extent of the impact and if the development is sustainable. The aim has been to present scientific knowledge on these topics in an accessible way in order to facilitate the development of a more sustainable management of recreational boating in Sweden.The scientific literature strongly support that recreational boating generates many negative effects on the marine environment. Recreational boating requires a number of physical structures and generate a number activities that each results in several different pressures on the environment. An increased number of marinas, docks and dredged canals results in losses of important habitats, as well as long-term deterioration of the environmental conditions locally. Dredging and dumping of dredge material results in increased turbidity and dispersal of sediment, nutrients and pollutants over large areas with negative effects on many aquatic organisms, e.g. vegetation, fishes and mussels. Traffic from recreational boats and anchoring result in increased turbidity and sediment erosion as well as damage to habitats. Motor boats also create underwater noise that can disturb e.g. fishes, seals and porpoises. In addition, recreational boating result in substantial emissions of toxic substances and pollution from e.g. antifouling paint and combustion engines.More than 60% of all docks and marinas are found in wave sheltered, shallow (<3 m) areas with soft bottoms, despite that this environment only constitute 25% of shallow coastal areas in Sweden. These sheltered areas are well suited for storing boats, but also constitute one of the most productive and valuable environments along the coast. They are important environments for vegetation such as seagrass, pondweed and stoneworts, which in turn constitute important spawning and nursery areas for a large number of fish and invertebrates. The report shows that these shallow soft bottom environments are very sensitive to a majority of the stressors that recreational boating generate. Boating therefore create a disproportionally large impact on environments with high values.Although the impact from a single recreational boat or dock is limited, the cumulative effect is substantial because of the sheer number. According to recent inventories, there are today almost 110 000 docks along the Swedish coast covering almost 2 000 km of bottom. In comparison with the 1960s, the amount of docks has increased with almost 160%, which today constitutes an increase of 1 700 new docks per year. Recent studies show that vegetation is degraded as the number of docks and boats increase within shallow, wave sheltered areas. It is estimated that almost 20% of this important environment is negatively affected by recreational boating today; in the County of Stockholm and Västra Götaland around 30% of shallow, wave sheltered areas are estimated to be impacted. Despite several management measures in the last decades to decrease coastal exploitation, there are no signs that the rate of exploitation is decreasing.The large number of recreational boats with combustion engines, the trend of increasing engine size, and the fact that engines lack all forms of emission control result in substantial emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases. Recent estimates suggest that the emissions from recreational boats are very high and comparable with other types of transport in Sweden. Emission of toxic copper from antifouling paint on recreational boats is also substantial and contributes to the high levels of copper in coastal waters, which is above the limit for good ecological status in 85% of the assessed coastal water bodies.Although most boat owners likely spend time at sea because they enjoy and care about the environment, the results presented in this report show that recreational boating have a substantial negative impact on the coastal environment, particularly in shallow, wave protected areas. In these areas, today’s use and development of recreational boating cannot be considered sustainable. However, the report also shows that there are ways to decrease the environmental impact from recreational boating. By changing the way we use and store recreational boats, and by improving management we can still allow coming generations to enjoy unexploited coastal environments with clear water and a rich plant and animal life.The report ends by discussing new, possible measures and solutions for a more sustainable use of recreational boats in Sweden, which could be a starting point for continuing such work. These include e.g. to identify vulnerable coastal environments in order to steer away exploitation and recreational boat traffic from these areas. By storing boats on land, the need for docks, dredging and toxic antifouling paint could decrease. Reduced speed limits and access limitations for recreational motorboats in certain areas could decrease negative impact on the most vulnerable habitats. Finally, new, environmentally friendly technology, and new financial instruments could be used to decrease negative impacts and create a more sustainable development of recreational boating.
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| 7. |
- Rasmussen, Sune Olander, et al.
(författare)
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Ice-core data used for the construction of the Greenland Ice-Core Chronology 2005 and 2021 (GICC05 and GICC21)
- 2023
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Ingår i: Earth System Science Data. - 1866-3508 .- 1866-3516. ; 15:8, s. 3351-3364
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We here describe, document, and make available a wide range of data sets used for annual-layer identification in ice cores from DYE-3, GRIP, NGRIP, NEEM, and EGRIP. The data stem from detailed measurements performed both on the main deep cores and shallow cores over more than 40 years using many different setups developed by research groups in several countries and comprise both discrete measurements from cut ice samples and continuous-flow analysis data.The data series were used for counting annual layers 60 000 years back in time during the construction of the Greenland Ice-Core Chronology 2005 (GICC05) and/or the revised GICC21, which currently only reaches 3800 years back. Now that the underlying data are made available (listed in Table 1) we also release the individual annual-layer positions of the GICC05 timescale which are based on these data sets.We hope that the release of the data sets will stimulate further studies of the past climate taking advantage of these highly resolved data series covering a large part of the interior of the Greenland ice sheet.
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| 8. |
- Rockström, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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A safe operating space for humanity
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 461:7263, s. 472-475
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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