| 1. |
- Antinyan, Vard, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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A Complexity Measure for Textual Requirements
- 2016
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Ingår i: Proceedings of 2016 Joint Conference of the International Workshop on Software Measurement and the International Conference on Software Process and Product Measurement (Iwsm-Mensura). - : IEEE. - 9781509041473 - 9781509041480
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Unequivocally understandable requirements are vital for software design process. However, in practice it is hard to achieve the desired level of understandability, because in large software products a substantial amount of requirements tend to have ambiguous or complex descriptions. Over time such requirements decelerate the development speed and increase the risk of late design modifications, therefore finding and improving them is an urgent task for software designers. Manual reviewing is one way of addressing the problem, but it is effort-intensive and critically slow for large products. Another way is using measurement, in which case one needs to design effective measures. In recent years there have been great endeavors in creating and validating measures for requirements understandability: most of the measures focused on ambiguous patterns. While ambiguity is one property that has major effect on understandability, there is also another important property, complexity, which also has major effect on understandability, but is relatively less investigated. In this paper we define a complexity measure for textual requirements through an action research project in a large software development organization. We also present its evaluation results in three large companies. The evaluation shows that there is a significant correlation between the measurement values and the manual assessment values of practitioners. We recommend this measure to be used with earlier created ambiguity measures as means for automated identification of complex specifications.
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| 2. |
- Ejdebäck, Mikael, 1969-
(författare)
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Studies on spinach plastocyanin and mutants : Expression in Escherichia coli, folding and function
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Photosynthesis is a process in which photons from sunlight excite chlorophylls in the thylakoid membranes of plants, algae and cyanobacteria. The photo-oxidised reaction centre chlorophyll P700 is re-reduced by an electron transferred from the soluble, blue copper protein plastocyanin. The oxidised plastocyanin dissociates and binds to the cytochrome b6f complex, where it accepts an electron and a new redox cycle can begin. Plastocyanin has three regions of importance for the interaction with its redox partners, a hydrophobic patch and two acidic (negatively charged) patches. Electrostatic interactions between opposite charges are important for the association and the specificity and stability of the formed complexes.In this work the interactions with photosystem 1 and cytochrome c have been studied using mutants of plastocyanin. The mutations introduced in the small acidic patch and position 88 of plastocyanin had small effects on the binding to photosystem 1 as compared to the weak binding reported for mutants in the large acidic patch. The affinity was increased by the Glu60Gln, Glu60Lys and Asp61Lys mutations and a more efficient electron transfer was observed for the Gln88Lys mutation. The association between Pc mutated in the small acidic patch and cytochrome c was weakened and the rearrangement hindered by lysines in positions 59 and 60.The development of an efficient expression system for spinach plastocyanin in the bacterium Escherichia coli made it possible to produce sufficient amounts of isotopically labelled plastocyanin for NMR experiments. This technique was used for solving the structure of the complex between plastocyanin and cytochrome f. The hydrophobic patch on plastocyanin binds to an area close to the heme on cytochrome f. Electrostatic interactions between opposite charges on the two proteins are also important. The short distance from the heme to the copper ligand His87 suggests an electron transfer from the heme via Tyr1 or Phe4 on cytochrome f.The involvement of specific amino-acid residues in copper binding or folding of plastocyanin has also been examined by site-directed mutagenesis. The copper-binding histidines have been replaced by other amino acids, but no blue protein could be produced. The stability of the different redox forms of copper plastocyanin as well as the zinc protein has also been determined by guanidinium-induced unfolding.
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| 3. |
- Liebel, Grischa, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing the State-of-Practice of Model-Based Engineering in the Embedded Systems Domain
- 2014
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1611-3349 .- 0302-9743. - 9783319116532 - 9783319116525 ; 8767, s. 166-182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Model-Based Engineering (MBE) aims at increasing the effectiveness of engineering by using models as key artifacts in the development process. While empirical studies on the use and the effects of MBE in industry exist, there is only little work targeting the embedded systems domain. We contribute to the body of knowledge with a study on the use and the assessment of MBE in that particular domain. We collected quantitative data from 112 subjects, mostly professionals working with MBE, with the goal to assess the current State of Practice and the challenges the embedded systems domain is facing. Our main findings are that MBE is used by a majority of all participants in the embedded systems domain, mainly for simulation, code generation, and documentation. Reported positive effects of MBE are higher quality and improved reusability. Main shortcomings are interoperability difficulties between MBE tools, high training effort for developers and usability issues.
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| 4. |
- Magnusson, J, et al.
(författare)
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A kinetic study in adults with food hypersensitivity assessed as eosinophil activation in fecal samples
- 2003
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Ingår i: Clinical and Experimental Allergy. - : Wiley. - 0954-7894 .- 1365-2222. ; 33:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Immune-mediated food hypersensitivity affecting the gut is difficult to evaluate, and objective tools to diagnose local gastrointestinal (GI) inflammatory reactions are lacking. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether allergic manifestations in adults with a history of food-related GI symptoms could be assessed in feces during symptomatic and non-symptomatic periods, using the surrogate markers, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil protein X (EPX) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). METHODS: Thirteen subjects with food hypersensitivity-related GI symptoms, confirmed by a positive double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC), were subjected to an open kinetic food challenge design for 6 weeks. Symptoms were recorded and scored during the 3-week study period and stool samples were obtained every day. The surrogate markers ECP, EPX and MPO were measured in the supernatants from feces samples. RESULTS: A significant increase in abdominal pain, distension and flatulence was observed during challenge, with a gradual decrease during elimination diet. Both between days and subjects, EPX levels were more frequently increased compared to ECP and MPO. Individuals with a history of a short duration of symptoms had significantly higher mean levels of EPX and MPO than those with a longer duration of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: An overall increase in levels of eosinophil markers, in particular EPX, was observed in feces from patients with food-related GI symptoms. However, rather than being a tool to differentiate symptomatic from non-symptomatic periods, EPX might be used for detecting an ongoing clinical or subclinical chronic inflammation, that may have an impact on the patient's clinical course of GI symptoms.
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| 5. |
- Magnusson, Maria K, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Macrophage and dendritic cell subsets in IBD: ALDH cells are reduced in colon tissue of patients with ulcerative colitis regardless of inflammation
- 2016
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Ingår i: Mucosal Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1935-3456 .- 1935-3456 .- 1933-0219. ; 9:1, s. 171-182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Disruption of the homeostatic balance of intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (MQs) may contribute to inflammatory bowel disease. We characterized DC and MQ populations, including their ability to produce retinoic acid, in clinical material encompassing Crohn's ileitis, Crohn's colitis and ulcerative colitis (UC) as well as mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) draining these sites. Increased CD14+DRint MQs characterized inflamed intestinal mucosa while total CD141+ or CD1c+ DCs numbers were unchanged. However, CD103+ DCs, including CD141+CD103+ and CD1c+CD103+ DCs, were reduced in inflamed intestine. In MLNs, two CD14- DC populations were identified: CD11cintHLADRhi and CD11chiHLADRint cells. A marked increase of CD11chiHLADRint DC, particularly DRintCD1c+ DCs, characterized MLNs draining inflamed intestine. The fraction of DC and MQ populations expressing aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, reflecting retinoic acid synthesis, in UC colon, both in active disease and remission, were reduced compared to controls and inflamed Crohn's colon. In contrast, no difference in the frequency of ALDH+ cells among blood precursors was detected between UC patients and non-inflamed controls. This suggests that ALDH activity in myeloid cells in the colon of UC patients, regardless of whether the disease is active or in remission, is influenced by the intestinal environment.
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