| 1. |
- Arvidsson, H., et al.
(författare)
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Easily Applicable Methods for Measuring the Mental Load on Tractor Operators
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health. - : American Society of Agricultural & Biological Engineers. - 1074-7583 .- 1943-7846. ; 26:1, s. 5-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Agriculture technology is moving toward automation, placing operators in a supervisory role. This change in operator workload may lead to increased stress and higher mental load, resulting in reduced attention and hence greater risk of illness or injury to humans and damage to equipment. This study investigated the use of easily applicable equipment to measure mental load. Three methods were used to measure the mental load on machine operators: heart rate monitoring, two types of electroencephalograph (EEG) evaluation, and an assessment protocol. Three driving exercises (general driving, slalom driving, and loading) and a counting exercise were used in a driving simulator to create different levels of mental load. Due to the number of exercises, a single-scale assessment protocol was used to save time. We found that only the assessment protocol gave clear results and would work well as an evaluation tool. The heart rate and EEG measurements did not provide clear data for mental load assessment.
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| 2. |
- Hansson, A., et al.
(författare)
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Multivariate analysis of the influence of pectin, white syrup, and citric acid on aroma concentration in the headspace above pectin gels
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0021-8561 .- 1520-5118. ; 50:13, s. 3803-3809
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pectin gels consist of polysaccharide networks surrounded by water. The gel networks can prevent release of aroma molecules from the gel to the gas phase above. In this study static headspace measurements were performed to correlate aroma concentration in the gas phase above pectin gels to different amounts of the gel ingredients. As a consequence, aroma concentration in the headspace in relation to gel texture, as characterized by rheology measurements, was also studied. Aroma concentration in the headspace above strong gels was low, due to entrapment of aroma molecules within the gel structure. Viscous solutions generally gave a high aroma concentration in the headspace, but owing to a complex matrix, this was lowered when large amounts of the gel ingredients were added. However, a high correlation between interaction terms and square terms of design variables and rheology parameters with aroma compounds indicated nonlinear and complex relationships.
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| 3. |
- Hansson, A., et al.
(författare)
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Partition and release of 21 aroma compounds during storage of a pectin gel system
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0021-8561 .- 1520-5118. ; 51:7, s. 2000-2005
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increasing popularity of low-fat products increases the need for a better understanding of how flavor release is affected by partial substitution of fat with hydrocolloids. Partitioning and release of aroma compounds from four pectin gels with different compositions were studied with static headspace and with a model mouth. Air/product partition coefficients determine the potential extent of aroma release, and mass transfer determines the rate at which aroma compounds are released to the vapor phase. This study showed that the gel network had large effects on the partition of aroma compounds between the gel and vapor phase. The specific properties of the aroma compounds were also of importance for the air/gel partition. Storage of the four gels showed that one of the weaker gels was influencing the concentration of aroma compounds in the headspace, probably caused by formation of a denser network over time.
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| 4. |
- Niga, Petru, et al.
(författare)
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Interactions between model cell membranes and the neuroactive drug propofol
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-9797 .- 1095-7103. ; 526, s. 230-243
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- phospholipid, NR data reveal that propofol is located exclusively in the head group region, which is rationalized in the context of previous studies. The results imply a non-homogeneous distribution of propofol in the plane of real cell membranes, which is an inference that requires urgent testing and may help to explain why such low concentration of the drug are required to induce general anaesthesia.
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| 5. |
- Rönnberg Wästljung, Ann-Christin, et al.
(författare)
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Optimized utilization of Salix—Perspectives for the genetic improvement toward sustainable biofuel value chains
- 2022
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology Bioenergy. - : John Wiley and Sons Inc. - 1757-1693 .- 1757-1707. ; 14:10, s. 1128-144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bioenergy will be one of the most important renewable energy sources in the conversion from fossil fuels to bio-based products. Short rotation coppice Salix could be a key player in this conversion since Salix has rapid growth, positive energy balance, easy to manage cultivation system with vegetative propagation of plant material and multiple harvests from the same plantation. The aim of the present paper is to provide an overview of the main challenges and key issues in willow genetic improvement toward sustainable biofuel value chains. Primarily based on results from the research project “Optimized Utilization of Salix” (OPTUS), the influence of Salix wood quality on the potential for biofuel use is discussed, followed by issues related to the conversion of Salix biomass into liquid and gaseous transportation fuels. Thereafter, the studies address genotypic influence on soil carbon sequestration in Salix plantations, as well as on soil carbon dynamics and climate change impacts. Finally, the opportunities for plant breeding are discussed using willow as a resource for sustainable biofuel production. Substantial phenotypic and genotypic variation was reported for different wood quality traits important in biological (i.e., enzymatic and anaerobic) and thermochemical conversion processes, which is a prerequisite for plant breeding. Furthermore, different Salix genotypes can affect soil carbon sequestration variably, and life cycle assessment illustrates that these differences can result in different climate mitigation potential depending on genotype. Thus, the potential of Salix plantations for sustainable biomass production and its conversion into biofuels is shown. Large genetic variation in various wood and biomass traits, important for different conversion processes and carbon sequestration, provides opportunities to enhance the sustainability of the production system via plant breeding. This includes new breeding targets in addition to traditional targets for high yield to improve biomass quality and carbon sequestration potential. © 2022 The Authors.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Ahlgren, S., et al.
(författare)
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Ammonium nitrate fertiliser production based on biomass : Environmental effects from a life cycle perspective
- 2008
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Ingår i: Bioresource Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-8524 .- 1873-2976. ; 99:17, s. 8034-8041
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ammonium nitrate and calcium ammonium nitrate are the most commonly used straight nitrogen fertilisers in Europe, accounting for 43% of the total nitrogen used for fertilisers. They are both produced in a similar way; carbonate can be added as a last step to produce calcium ammonium nitrate. The environmental impact, fossil energy input and land use from using gasified biomass (cereal straw and short rotation willow (Salix) coppice) as feedstock in ammonium nitrate production were studied in a cradle-to-gate evaluation using life cycle assessment methodology. The global warming potential in the biomass systems was only 22-30% of the impact from conventional production using natural gas. The eutrophication potential was higher for the biomass systems due to nutrient leaching during cultivation, while the acidification was about the same in all systems. The primary fossil energy use was calculated to be 1.45 and 1.37 MJ/kg nitrogen for Salix and straw, respectively, compared to 35.14 MJ for natural gas. The biomass production was assumed to be self-supporting with nutrients by returning part of the ammonium nitrate produced together with the ash from the gasification. For the production of nitrogen from Salix, it was calculated that 3914 kg of nitrogen can be produced every year from 1 ha, after that 1.6% of the produced nitrogen has been returned to the Salix production. From wheat straw, 1615 kg of nitrogen can be produced annually from 1 ha, after that 0.6% of the nitrogen has been returned. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
- Ahlgren, S., et al.
(författare)
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Future fuel supply systems for organic production based on Fischer-Tropsch diesel and dimethyl ether from on-farm-grown biomass
- 2008
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Ingår i: Biosystems Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 1537-5110 .- 1537-5129. ; 99:1, s. 145-155
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of making a 1000 ha organic farm self-sufficient in renewable fuel were studied. Biomass grown on-farm can be transported to large fuel production facilities and the fuel transported back to the farm. Two fuels, Fischer-Tropsch diesel (FTD) and dimethyl ether (DME), produced from either straw or short-rotation willow coppice (Salix), were studied. The environmental impact, land use and energy balance were calculated using life-cycle methodology. It was calculated that the straw-based systems had only 32-39% of the impact on global warming (kg [CO2-eq]) compared to the Salix-based systems. For acidification and eutrophication, the differences between the systems were less significant. The energy balances were 8.9 and 9.6 for FTD and 10.1 and 10.0 for DME, from straw and Salix, respectively. To become self-sufficient in FTD, 108 ha has to be set aside for Salix production or 261 ha of straw collected from the existing crop rotation. For DME the corresponding figures are 38 and 70 ha. The many by-products in the FTD scenarios explain the large difference between fuels. Comparing FTD and DME, the differences in environmental impact were small. Considering this, FTD is a more likely alternative since DME requires a pressurised infrastructure system and engine modifications. © 2007 IAgrE.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Brandner, Birgit D., et al.
(författare)
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Solvent segregation and capillary evaporation at a superhydrophobic surface investigated by confocal Raman microscopy and force measurements
- 2011
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Ingår i: SOFT MATTER. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1744-683X .- 1744-6848. ; 7:3, s. 1045-1052
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wetting of water, a 1 : 1 water/ethanol mixture and an aqueous dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid surfactant solution on hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces were studied using confocal Raman microscopy. The superhydrophobic surfaces were prepared by immersion of a glass substrate in a silica particle/fluoropolymer formulation followed by silanization. Preparation of hydrophobic surfaces was done in the same way with the exception that the silica particles were excluded from the formulation. The hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces were characterized with respect to surface roughness using AFM, and by contact angle measurements using different liquids. Confocal Raman microscopy measurements in a 1 : 1 water/ethanol mixture showed an enrichment of ethanol close to the superhydrophobic surface, which could not be observed for the hydrophobic surface. Unexpectedly, the Raman spectrum of a pure water film in close proximity to the superhydrophobic surface displayed some differences compared to that of bulk water and indicated a stronger hydrogen-bonding close to the superhydrophobic surface. Evidence for capillary evaporation next to the superhydrophobic surface was also found, and this results in very long-range capillary attraction between one superhydrophobic surface and a hydrophobic colloidal probe as shown by AFM colloidal probe force measurements. Addition of a surfactant or ethanol suppresses capillary evaporation.
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