| 1. |
- Griessler, Erich, et al.
(författare)
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Xenotransplantation as policy problem : Comparing public debate and policies in an international perspective
- 2012
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Ingår i: Xenotransplantation. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0908-665X .- 1399-3089. ; 19:1, s. 15-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Xenotransplantation research had a hype in the late 1990s and early 2000s and was by then considered a therapeutic option with huge financial potential which was to become clinical standard practice in the near future. Driven by these economic hopes and by the expectation that xenotransplantation might alleviate the so-called organ shortage, governmental actors in different countries but also international organizations (WHO, OECD, Council of Europe) and EU institutions started to think about the implications of xenotransplantation and how to regulate this potential new technology.Xenotransplantation, however, for several reasons was not an uncontroversial technology. In the aftermath of food crises, the GMO conflict and blood scandals connected to HIV and hepatitis, xenotransplantation not only raised serious risk problems – connected to xenozoonosis – there were also basic human rights and animal welfare at stake. These were hotly discussed not only within science but also by different NGOs.In this situation many countries and international organizations carried out Technology Assessment (TA) and participatory Technology Assessment (pTA) procedures which should inform policy-makers about what to do.In my presentation I will compare attempts of TA and pTA on xenotransplantation in different countries and international organization (Austria, Canada, Denmark, Latvia, Netherlands, Sweden, UK, Switzerland OECD, and the European Commission). The paper addresses the following questions: How was xenotransplantation framed as a topic in these countries and institutions? In which settings of TA and pTA was xenotransplantation discussed? Who was included and excluded in policy making? In what way? What was the impact of TA and PTA on policy-making? What can we learn from these examples for negotiating techno-scientific futures in complex societies?The paper draws on an international comparative research project about the impact of citizen participation in knowledge-intensive policy fields (CIT-PART) financed by the European Commission within the 7th Framework Programme (Project Number: SSH-CT-2008-225327). For this research, document analysis of literature and media reports has been carried out. One main source, however, were interviews with people involved in pTA and TA either as participants, researchers, civil servants, politicians, stakeholders and practitioners of TA and pTA. For preliminary results see www.cit-art.at.
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| 2. |
- Hansson, Kristofer, et al.
(författare)
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CIT-PART: Report Case Study Sweden
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the early 1990s xenotransplantation (XTP) was a promising biotechnology, with many countries prepared to take this research to clinical trials. It was also a technology associated with so many problems and risks that the researchers sought financial support to continue their XTP research. This was, in many ways, an international concern, as the researchers tried to collaborate to overcome those problems and risks. But despite this international effort, the situation became a national policy process in many countries where researchers, politicians and stakeholders tried to find a solution and take the next step in XTP research. In this case study, we take a closer look at Sweden and how the national policy process took shape in the 1990s. As we will see in this case study, Swedish XTP researchers and politicians were involved in various international networks, but when it came to initiating a more formal policy process, the discussion became more or less national. Swedish law needed to change so that the country‘s XTP researchers could continue with their research and take it to clinical trials. The policy process was closely linked to the idea that Sweden as a nation could gain an advantage, both for the researchers and for the state. The new biotechnology could benefit the citizens and provide future funding for the welfare society. To achieve this, Swedish researchers needed to be the first to clinically introduce this technology. So this case study is about how a nation tries to gain advantages in an international research arena. It is also a case study of what role the citizens have in the policy process. Biotechnology that is problematic and risky, for various reasons, needs the approval of the general public, because they will be the end users. In this case study, we take a closer look at how researchers and politicians interacted with the citizens in the policy process.
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| 3. |
- Hansson, Kristofer, et al.
(författare)
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Framing the public : The policy process around xenotransplantation in Latvia and Sweden from 1970 to 2004
- 2011
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Ingår i: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press. - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 38:8, s. 629-637
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A crucial debate is under way concerning the public's participation in biotechnology decision-making processes. This study, concerning the policy process around xenotransplantation (XTP) in Latvia and Sweden in the period 1970–2004, focuses on how scientific experts and politicians view the public and the public's participation in the process of developing policy regarding XTP. Drawing on interviews with actors involved in XTP in each country, we analyse and explain the inclusion and exclusion of publics in policy decision-making processes. In particular, we highlight the significance of the role of scientists and politicians in generating discourses which exclude the public from participation in policy decision-making.
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| 4. |
- Hansson, Kristofer, et al.
(författare)
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Framing the public: the policy process around xenotransplantation in Latvia and Sweden 1970-2004
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Science and Public Policy. - 1471-5430. ; 38:8, s. 629-637
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A crucial debate is under way concerning the public's participation in biotechnology decision-making processes. This study, concerning the policy process around xenotransplantation (XTP) in Latvia and Sweden in the period 1970-2004, focuses on how scientific experts and politicians view the public and the public's participation in the process of developing policy regarding XTP. Drawing on interviews with actors involved in XTP in each country, we analyse and explain the inclusion and exclusion of publics in policy decision-making processes. In particular, we highlight the significance of the role of scientists and politicians in generating discourses which exclude the public from participation in policy decision-making.
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| 5. |
- Hansson, Kristofer
(författare)
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I ett andetag : En kulturanalys av astma som begränsning och möjlighet
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Though asthma is a commonly occurring disorder today, the development and introduction of anti-inflammatory drugs in treating it has changed the possibilities of living with it. At the same time, the Swedish guidelines for asthma care have changed: the patient is to take responsibility for her or his chronic illness to attain full quality of life. The study aims to make a cultural analytical investigation of what possibilities exist for young people to take responsibility for their chronic illness and what limitations present themselves. Its approach, proceeding from Simone de Beauvoir's concept of situation, problematises the view of the human being as an independent subject; rather, the human being finds herself in relation to other people and things. It does not appear from the empiric that the young people automatically internalise the diagnosis and the treatment that comes with it; instead, they act in relation to diagnosis as well as treatment. As a result, the treatment is not always being allowed to stand in the centre of conduct; the young people may be prepared to expose themselves to risks of breathing difficulties for the purpose of creating themselves as subject. The young people allso often act in relation to the attention that the drug and the sequence of events with medication generate in social contexts. This may become a situation in which the individuals do not want to show their medicinal object, or keep quiet about not feeling well due to the asthma. Beauvoir points out in her philosophy that we have a responsibility to create possibilities for the person who is limited in her or his daily life, and this can be discussed proceeding from the possibilities and limitations that are created in a situation. The ethical subject becomes central: through making visible the situation in which the person with a chronic illness finds her- or himself, the individual encountering that person can act in such a way that she or he gives the other person possibilities.
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| 6. |
- Hansson, Kristofer, et al.
(författare)
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Låt Lifegene bli ett mönsterprojekt
- 2012
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Ingår i: Skånska dagbladet. - 1103-9973. ; , s. 23-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 7. |
- Hansson, Kristofer, et al.
(författare)
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Nordic countries: Denmark, Norway and Sweden
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aims of the workpackage: The objective of WP3 is to provide an overview of policy formation and deliberation across a number of regions and across a relatively broad timeframe (late 1980s to the present). As a mapping exercise it is intended to provide an initial comparative framework for further elaboration in more detailed country and regional case studies. WP3 offers a ‗helicopter view‘ of global xenotransplantation (XTP) regulation and landmark policy events. It provides a history of the development and timeline of policy-making combined with an initial scoping of the place and purpose of consultative and deliberative processes. In so doing, the WP provides a means of initial orientation for future comparative work and more in depth case studies. The WP is in no sense intended to be comprehensive but instead provides an initial means of developing a more focussed comparative method and body of questions to be taken up in the project‘s future workpackages.
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| 8. |
- Liu, Rui, et al.
(författare)
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Medicines in the grey market : A sociocultural analysis of individual agency
- 2020
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Ingår i: Movement of knowledge : Medical humanties perspectives on medicine, science, and experience - Medical humanties perspectives on medicine, science, and experience. - : Nordic Academic Press (Kriterium). - 9789188909343 ; , s. 233-258
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Wiszmeg, Andréa, et al.
(författare)
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Transforming trash to treasure Cultural ambiguity in foetal cell research
- 2021
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Ingår i: Philosophy Ethics and Humanities in Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1747-5341. ; 16:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Rich in different kind of potent cells, embryos are used in modern regenerative medicine and research. Neurobiologists today are pushing the boundaries for what can be done with embryos existing in the transitory margins of medicine. Therefore, there is a growing need to develop conceptual frameworks for interpreting the transformative cultural, biological and technical processes involving these aborted, donated and marginal embryos. This article is a contribution to this development of frameworks. Methods This article examines different emotional, cognitive and discursive strategies used by neurobiologists in a foetal cell transplantation trial in Parkinson's disease research, using cells harvested from aborted embryos. Two interviews were analysed in the light of former observations in the processing laboratories, using the anthropologist Mary Douglas's concept of pollution behaviour and the linguist, philosopher, psychoanalyst and feminist Julia Kristeva's concept of the abjective to explain and make sense of the findings. Results The findings indicate that the labour performed by the researchers in the trial work involves transforming the foetal material practically, as well as culturally, from trash to treasure. The transformation process contains different phases, and in the interview material we observed that the foetal material or cells were considered objects, subjects or rejected as abject by the researchers handling them, depending on what phase of process or practice they referred to or had experience of. As demonstrated in the analysis, it is the human origin of the cell that makes it abjective and activates pollution discourse, when the researchers talk of their practice. Conclusions The marginal and ambiguous status of the embryo that emerges in the accounts turns the scientists handling foetal cells into liminal characters in modern medicine. Focusing on how practical as well as emotional and cultural strategies and rationalizations of the researchers emerge in interview accounts, this study adds insights on the rationale of practically procuring, transforming and utilizing the foetal material to the already existing studies focused on the donations. We also discuss why the use and refinement of a tissue, around which there is practical consensus but cultural ambiguity, deserves further investigation.
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